The shift to the green economy leads to big and small transitions

27.11.2023

ljudi-put — Photo-illustration: Pixabay-StockSnap

Photo illustration: Unsplash (Micheile Henderson)

The global shift to net zero will require major structural changes in economies, as well as extensive change in daily lives. The scale of the transition is unprecedented: from the rush to source critical raw materials to the reconfiguration of global supply chains; from the rise of green skills in the workforce to the development of environmentally sustainable housing markets.

The EBRD Transition Report 2023-24: Transitions big and small, published today, offers revealing insights into the way macro-level trends leading to carbon neutrality impact the types of job sought, household management and, ultimately, the perceived level of happiness in the regions where the Bank operates.

EBRD Chief Economist Beata Javorcik said: “The change and upheaval that stems from these trends will affect people’s lives for the foreseeable future. Policymakers will need to establish a deep understanding of those effects in order to plan future stages of the green transition, as individual attitudes will both shape and be shaped by that transition process. […]

“The success of the green transition will depend on winning their hearts and minds as we continue our journey towards a cleaner future. If there is one thing we have learned from 30 years of transition in the EBRD regions, it is that reforms will not last unless they have broad-based support.”

Big transitions

Climate change, technological development and geopolitical tensions are all reshaping global supply chains in significant ways.

The production of green and digital technologies requires reliable access to critical raw materials. Several EBRD economies, including the Czech Republic, Morocco, Tajikistan and Türkiye, are major producers or home to relatively large reserves of raw materials used for solar power and the fuel cell sector. However, establishing new mines and refining facilities will require considerable time and investment.

Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions and the fragmentation of global trade are transforming value chains in a way that offers a potential opportunity to increase exports from economies in the EBRD regions.

Small transitions

Happiness

Using rich data recently collected by the EBRD and the World Bank through the fourth Life in Transition Survey, the Transition Report reveals that average life satisfaction in the Bank’s regions has risen further since 2016.

People in Central Asia are the happiest, followed by notably increased scores in south-eastern Europe and eastern Europe and the Caucasus.

Overall, the upward trend probably reflects rising incomes, a shift towards more pleasant and higher-skilled jobs and improvements in health.

Jobs

In the labour market, the green economy is increasing demand for workers with green skills (who are paid an extra 4 per cent, on average). However, the ability to move from brown to green jobs remains sluggish across the EBRD regions, partly because of the slow pace of green innovation.

Green policies affect different labour-market segments in different ways, potentially upending local job markets. For example, the loss of existing jobs in the most polluting manufacturing sectors is likely to be concentrated in specific regions. Also, lower-skilled workers tend to be more sceptical about the need for environmental policies.

Housing

Post-war housing blocks are still prevalent across many of the EBRD regions. Levels of home ownership remain high, but there is limited new construction and little social housing.

Housing also has a substantial environmental footprint. Even though households consume less energy in emerging Europe, Central Asia and North Africa, residential emissions are on a par with advanced European comparators, partly reflecting a continued reliance on coal. However, there is scope for significant emission reductions through home improvements in insulation and metering.

Structural reforms

The annual publication also analyses progress on economic development and structural reforms, looking at whether economies are competitive, well governed, green, inclusive, resilient and integrated.

Over the last year, scores in the areas of inclusion and integration have increased substantially, while those for governance have declined. Across all areas, improvements have been concentrated mainly in central Europe, the Baltic states and south-eastern Europe, with declines observed in the southern and eastern Mediterranean, and eastern Europe and the Caucasus.

Source: EBRD

THE TREND OF GROWING ELECTRIC CAR SALES

26.11.2023

električni auto , punjač — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Michael Fousert)

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (chuttersnap)

The decarbonization of road transport, which accounts for more than 15 per cent of global energy-related emissions, is a challenge that almost the entire planet is grappling with. Alternative fuel vehicles, which would replace diesel and gasoline, are one way of reducing emissions. However, electric vehicles remain the key to achieving zero emissions.

The latest Announced Pledges Scenario shows the extent to which the set goals for getting to net zero emissions by 2050 are achieved. The Scenario was published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in August 2023, and it is estimated that the growth from the current 17 million electric cars to 800 million by 2040 would lead to a reduction of transport emissions by 36 per cent.

The data also show that a significant increase in the sale of electric vehicles worldwide was recorded from the beginning of 2020 to the end of 2022 when, in three years, sales increased from 4 to 14 per cent. In 2022, sales exceeded 10 million vehicles and taking 2022 as a benchmark year, the People’s Republic of China had the highest global sales of electric cars, followed by Europe and the US. With such a result, China’s share in world sales was 60 per cent.

IN FOCUS:

The EU has been investing significant effort in the decision-making process to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, including the decarbonization of transport.

One of the more important decisions, which is certainly an incentive for increasing the sale of electric vehicles, is that from 2035, only cars with zero emissions will be sold, with possible exceptions that vehicles with internal combustion engines (IE engines), which rely on e-fuels, will remain in use.

Although binding measures and national policies implemented by countries worldwide are good incentives, financial measures remain the most important ones.

According to the IEA, in 2022, the global spending on electric cars went up by 425 billion dollars, and only about 10 per cent of that spending could be attributed to government support and incentives, while the rest comes from individual consumer money.

Government incentives will not be enough to make electric cars more affordable, depending on the overall market situation. Namely, as the electric car market becomes increasingly competitive, the range of affordable models grows.

Compared to 2018, the number of available models more than doubled in 2022, reaching 500. Speaking of prices, if crude oil prices remain at last year’s quite high level, that could also boost electric car sales.

Growth in sales is expected to continue in 2023, as evident in the results that we are going to see at the end of this year. It is estimated that 14 million vehicles will have been sold by the end of the current year. If the forecasts are true, sales of electric cars could account for 18 per cent of total car sales this year.

Prepared by: Katarina Vuinac

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine ELECTROMOBILITY

The oil and gas industry faces a moment of truth and an opportunity to adapt

25.11.2023

power-plant-elektrana na gas — Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay

Oil and gas producers face pivotal choices about their role in the global energy system amid a worsening climate crisis fuelled in large part by their core products, according to a major new special report from the IEA that shows how the industry can take a more responsible approach and contribute positively to the new energy economy.

The Oil and Gas Industry in Net Zero Transitions analyses the implications and opportunities for the industry that would arise from stronger international efforts to reach energy and climate targets. Released ahead of the COP28 climate summit in Dubai, the special report sets out what the global oil and gas sector would need to do to align its operations with the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Even under today’s policy settings, global demand for both oil and gas is set to peak by 2030, according to the latest IEA projections. Stronger action to tackle climate change would mean clear declines in demand for both fuels. If governments deliver in full on their national energy and climate pledges, demand would fall 45 percent below today’s level by 2050. In a pathway to reaching net zero emissions by mid-century, which is necessary to keep the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C within reach, oil and gas use would decline by more than 75 percent by 2050.

Yet the oil and gas sector – which provides more than half of global energy supply and employs nearly 12 million workers worldwide – has been a marginal force at best in transitioning to a clean energy system, according to the report. Oil and gas companies currently account for just 1 percent of clean energy investment globally – and 60 percent of that comes from just four companies.

“The oil and gas industry is facing a moment of truth at COP28 in Dubai. With the world suffering the impacts of a worsening climate crisis, continuing with business as usual is neither socially nor environmentally responsible,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “Oil and gas producers around the world need to make profound decisions about their future place in the global energy sector. The industry needs to commit to genuinely helping the world meet its energy needs and climate goals – which means letting go of the illusion that implausibly large amounts of carbon capture are the solution. This special report shows a fair and feasible way forward in which oil and gas companies take a real stake in the clean energy economy while helping the world avoid the most severe impacts of climate change.”

The global oil and gas industry encompasses a large and diverse range of players – from small, specialised operators to huge national oil companies. Attention often focuses on the role of the private sector majors, but they own less than 13 percent of global oil and gas production and reserves.

Every company’s transition strategy can and should include a plan to reduce emissions from its own operations, according to the report. The production, transport and processing of oil and gas results in nearly 15 percent of global energy-related greenhouse emissions – equal to all energy-related greenhouse gas emissions from the United States. As things stand, companies with targets to reduce their own emissions account for less than half of global oil and gas output.

To align with a 1.5 °C scenario, the industry’s own emissions need to decline by 60 percent by 2030. The emissions intensity of oil and gas producers with the highest emissions is currently five-to-ten times above those with the lowest, showing the vast potential for improvements. Furthermore, strategies to reduce emissions from methane – which accounts for half of the total emissions from oil and gas operations – are well-known and can typically be pursued at low cost.

While oil and gas production is vastly lower in transitions to net zero emissions, it will not disappear – even in a 1.5 °C scenario. Some investment in oil and gas supply is needed to ensure the security of energy supply and provide fuel for sectors in which emissions are harder to abate, according to the report. Yet not every oil and gas company will be able to maintain output – requiring consumers to send clear signals on their direction and speed of travel so that producers can make informed decisions on future spending.

The USD 800 billion currently invested in the oil and gas sector each year is double what is required in 2030 on a pathway that limits warming to 1.5 °C. In that scenario, declines in demand are sufficiently steep that no new long-lead-time conventional oil and gas projects are needed. Some existing oil and gas production would even need to be shut in.

In transitions to net zero, oil and gas is set to become a less profitable and riskier business over time. The report’s analysis finds that the current valuation of private oil and gas companies could fall by 25 percent from USD 6 trillion today if all national energy and climate goals are reached, and by up to 60 percent if the world gets on track to limit global warming to 1.5 °C.

Opportunities lie ahead despite these challenges. The report finds that the oil and gas sector is well placed to scale up some crucial technologies for clean energy transitions. In fact, some 30 percent of the energy consumed in 2050 in a decarbonised energy system comes from technologies that could benefit from the industry’s skills and resources – including hydrogen, carbon capture, offshore wind and liquid biofuels.

However, this would require a step-change in how the sector allocates its financial resources. The oil and gas industry invested around USD 20 billion in clean energy in 2022, or roughly 2.5 percent of its total capital spending. The report finds that producers looking to align with the aims of the Paris Agreement would need to put 50 percent of their capital expenditures towards clean energy projects by 2030, on top of the investment required to reduce emissions from their own operations.

The report also notes that carbon capture, currently the linchpin of many firms’ transition strategies, cannot be used to maintain the status quo. If oil and natural gas consumption were to evolve as projected under today’s policy settings, limiting the temperature rise to 1.5 °C would require an entirely inconceivable 32 billion tonnes of carbon captured for utilisation or storage by 2050, including 23 billion tonnes via direct air capture. The amount of electricity needed to power these technologies would be greater than the entire world’s electricity demand today.

“The fossil fuel sector must make tough decisions now, and their choices will have consequences for decades to come,” Dr Birol said. “Clean energy progress will continue with or without oil and gas producers. However, the journey to net zero emissions will be more costly, and harder to navigate, if the sector is not on board.”

Source: IEA

IRENA and DP World Join Forces to Advance Decarbonisation Solutions for Ports and Maritime Logistics

24.11.2023

aerial-view-cargo-ship-cargo-container-harbor — Photo-illustration: Freepik (tawatchai07)

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) has signed a collaboration agreement with DP World, a UAE-based global supply chain solutions company. Through the agreement, the two organizations will collaborate on decarbonising the shipping and ports sectors, aligning current infrastructure, logistics and processes with the demands of the energy transition, and scaling up the use of renewable-based fuels and electrification.

The signing took place at the DP World’s Headquarters in Dubai between IRENA Director-General, Francesco La Camera and DP World Group Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem, just days ahead of the United Nations (UN) Climate Conference COP28 in Dubai.

IRENA Director-General Francesco La Camera said, “To align with the goals of the Paris Agreement and meet the demands of a transforming energy landscape, we must overcome existing infrastructure barriers, including in shipping and ports. By partnering with DP World, we aim to transform these sectors, making them more conducive to the global energy transition, where renewables-based fuels will play an increasingly prominent role.”

The Director-General also commended DP World’s innovative use of smart electrification and its efforts to decarbonise its operations by 2040. Carbon emissions from the company’s UAE operations have been reduced by nearly 50 percent this year, with Jebel Ali port’s electricity now sourced entirely from renewable sources provided by the local utility provider.

DP World Group Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem said: “We are honoured to partner with IRENA on our collective journey towards a shared vision of renewable energy powering global supply chains. Together, we will drive meaningful change and set new standards for a greener future. We continue to integrate renewable energy into DP World’s business operations across our global footprint. IRENA’s work towards the tripling of renewable energy capacity by 2030 means it will be an important partner for us as we continue on DP World’s own decarbonisation journey – both in the region and around the world”.

According to IRENA’s World Energy Transitions Outlook, infrastructure upgrades need to accommodate the global trade of renewable fuels between low-cost supply and high demand regions, proactively linking countries to promote the diversification and resilience of energy systems. The shipping sector itself must also rely on a diverse mix of low-carbon fuels to stay in line with the 1.5°C target, with ammonia, methanol, and hydrogen making up nearly 61 percent of the fuel mix by 2050.

Through the agreement, IRENA and DP World aim to collaborate on scaling up efforts to address supply, infrastructure and technological challenges that can increase the uptake of these renewables-based fuels.

Source: IRENA

ENERGY REHABILITATION CONTRIBUTES TO ENERGY SAVING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

22.11.2023

Foto Opština Raška 6 — Photo: Municipality of Raška

Raška, a small town in the southwest of Serbia, situated between the mountains of Kopaonik and Golija, on the rivers Ibar and Raška, works efficiently to preserve the environment.

This municipality is one of the leaders in the district in terms of the number of subsidized solar power plants for private use, and it is working on establishing a regional waste management system and plans to invest in improving energy efficiency in the coming period. We spoke with Nemanja Popović, the Mayor of the municipality of Raška, about subsidies for solar power plants, air quality control, remediation of landfills, and wastewater processing, as well as plans for investments in environmental issues in the coming period.

Q. Last year, the Ministry of Mining and Energy and the municipality set aside 28 million dinars for subsidies for private-use solar power plants. How big is the interest in these subsidies, what are the plans, and when will the other public calls be launched?

A. The state’s strategic determination is to implement a responsible energy policy and work on improving energy efficiency following domestic legislation and EU directives. Energy policy programmes are implemented to boost energy efficiency. The effects of such measures are multiple and long-lasting and contribute to the safety of the electricity supply, the industry’s competitiveness, the increase in the population’s living standard and the reduction of the negative impact of energy on the environment. With the support of the line ministry, the Raška municipality started to implement the first energy rehabilitation measures in 2021 to improve the energy-related features of residential buildings, save energy and reduce heating costs.

A total of 17 million dinars was earmarked to implement three measures: procurement and installation of thermal insulation materials, procurement and installation of windows and exterior doors with accompanying construction works, and procurement and installation of biomass boilers/stoves. The Ministry allocated 5 million dinars to the municipality of Raška, while 12 million dinars were allocated from the local budget. At that time, 208 beneficiaries—205 owners of family houses and apartments and three housing associations—were eligible for financial support. The Solar Panel Installation Programme was given almost six million dinars in the same year, and 14 citizens opted for this type of support. A year later, 240 owners of apartments and family houses signed contracts on the allocation of subsidies for boosting energy efficiency. The Ministry of Mining and the Municipality of Raška allocated nearly 28 million dinars to implement the programme. Another 7 million dinars have been earmarked for installing solar panels—the Ministry of Mining and the municipality gave 3.5 million dinars each. A competition for the allocation of subsidies for the installation of solar panels is underway.

IN FOCUS:

Q. What is the situation in the municipality of Raška regarding air pollution? What kind of air do people breathe, and how is the air quality measurement control performed considering there is a developed industry there and households that use solid fuel for heating?

A. The only official air quality measuring station on the municipality’s territory is located in the Kopaonik National Park (more than 34 km from the town centre), where SO2 (sulfur dioxide) and O3 (ground ozone) are monitored, and the data are published on the website of the Environmental Protection Agency. In the last month, there were no violations of the monitored parameters. Since there is no measuring point within the state air quality monitoring grid in other parts of the municipality, nor has local monitoring been established, it is impossible to reliably determine whether the prescribed limit values of air pollutant emissions are exceeded in any area. We can assume that pollution exists, especially in winter, and that home fireplaces cause it. The local government participated in the project to replace the fireplaces in households, so I hope that the residents of Raška will also have better-quality air in the winter months. The industrial zone is separated from the residential one, and possible pollutants are subject to the control of the environmental protection inspection. In the case of industrial companies, regular air pollution measurements are carried out according to the law and emissions are controlled within the prescribed permitted values. The municipality of Raška does not have a heating plant, and the main road does not pass through the town centre, but it detours in the direction of Kosovska Mitrovica and Novi Pazar. That is why monitoring of the air pollution emission has not been established.

Q. What is the municipality doing to rehabilitate landfills, what has been done so far and what are the plans? How do you plan to solve the problem of solid waste disposal?

A. Waste management on the municipal territory is not carried out following the prescribed standards because the collected municipal waste is disposed of in an unsanitary landfill, which is also designated as a landfill for the disposal of construction waste and, as such, is a major environmental risk. According to the 2010-2019 Waste Management Strategy, together with the municipalities of Vrnjačka Banja and Tutin and the towns of Novi Pazar and Kraljevo, Raška was included in the waste management region. In the meantime, activities have been carried out to establish a regional waste management system for the municipalities of Raška and Tutin and the town of Novi Pazar, which form a waste management region according to the 2022-2031 Waste Management Programme in the Republic of Serbia. The conceptual project titled “Remediation, closure and recultivation of the existing unsanitary solid waste landfill in the municipality of Raška” was carried out by the Architectural and Construction Institute from Novi Sad in 2019. There is also a project that stipulates issuing a building permit for the construction of a Recycling Centre in Raška at KP 1/41 KO Raška, in the Razdolje location.

In the Batnjik area, halfway along the course of the Raška River from Novi Pazar to Raška, a net dam was installed in 2017, which prevents plastic bottles, bags and other packaging waste from floating down the river. The dam is located on a narrow stream of the riverbed. It is built of high-quality stainless steel that is 100 per cent environmentally friendly and does not damage the river ecosystem. The packaging waste collected in this way is then reused, thanks to the recycling industry.

The Raška Public Utility Company (JKP Raška) installed special bins for ash disposal in several locations, ensured the free removal of bulky waste according to the established schedule and installed larger containers in places with a higher frequency of garbage disposal. In the last twenty years, the relevant municipal services and PUC Raška have regularly removed landfills and recultivated the terrain. In cooperation with the line ministry, large landfills were rehabilitated years ago in the municipality of Raška. Certain areas are covered by video surveillance to establish an additional supervision system and help with penalizing those individuals or companies who damage the environment through their negligent behavior. Despite all the activities aimed at environmental protection, requests and appeals sent out by the relevant services and environmental associations, we are still witnessing the emergence of new illegal landfills, which spoil the environment and pollute the land, water and air. Suppose we all preserve nature, park areas, promenades and riverbanks, i.e. everything that is recognizable and characteristic of Raška. In that case, we will have a more beautiful town and higher quality of life. I would like to believe that all residents love Raška equally and that we want the town to have a clean and orderly environment. Nature has been generous to our town and its surroundings. It is up to us whether we will succeed in fighting bad habits and persevere in our intention to leave a healthy environment for generations to come.

Interviewed by: Mirjana Vujadinović Tomevski

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine ELECTROMOBILITY

ABB signs 500 million euros EIB financing to further drive smart and sustainable electrification technologies

21.11.2023

solar — Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Michael_Pointner)

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (arteum-ro)

ABB and the European Investment Bank (EIB), the lending arm of the European Union, have signed a 500 million euros financing agreement to support ABB’s research and development in its Electrification business area.

Global demand for electricity is growing 10 times faster than other energy sources. Addressing this increasing demand in the context of the energy transition, ABB plans to use the EIB funding to design and develop next generation electrical distribution solutions. Development efforts will include solid-state circuit breakers, eco-friendly switchgear, and technology that enhances building efficiency and automation.

ABB’s solutions are used for example in commercial buildings, industrial operations or microgrids. The funding will support R&D projects in Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Poland, Switzerland and several other European countries.

ABB CFO Timo Ihamuotila said: “We are delighted about the collaboration with the European Investment Bank, which reflects the key role of electrification in Europe’s energy transition. This is another important recognition of ABB’s innovation and research efforts to enable the transformation to a low carbon society.”

“Electrification is a major tool to fight climate change,” said Ambroise Fayolle, EIB vice-president in charge of the environment and climate action. “Our loan to ABB supports a company that has a long history in developing electrical products and that is committed to promoting practical solutions for greening Europe’s economy. ABB’s research will help to run homes, factories or transport services on clean sources of electricity, and this is important if we are to keep our planet from heating further.”

The EIB financing supports the European Green Deal, the European Union’s plan to become net zero by 2050. Investment in green innovation is necessary for Europe to create a sustainable economy capable of protecting its people and creating high-quality jobs.

At ABB, research and development is key to develop and commercialize technologies that are of strategic importance to the company’s future growth. Every year, a significant proportion of the company’s revenues is being invested in R&D – in 2022, 1,166 million dollars or approximately 4.0 percent of the consolidated revenues.

About 7,500 employees work in R&D in ABB, of which around 60 percent are focused on digital and software development. ABB collaborates with multiple universities and research institutions in Europe and around the globe to build research networks and foster new technologies. To strengthen and accelerate the innovation efforts, ABB also invests in and partners with start-up companies.

Source: ABB

First EBRD loan to support solar power in Croatia with InvestEU

20.11.2023

geio-tischler-tQT5KiZSKpE-unsplash — Photo-illustration: Unsplash ( Geio Tischler)

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Michael_Pointner)

The first European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) project with the InvestEU programme, designed to support sustainable economy projects, will finance the construction of 30 MW of new solar generation capacity in Croatia. It is the Bank’s first solar photovoltaic (PV) project in the country.

The Bank has lent 10.6 million euros to three special purpose vehicles (SPVs) incorporated in Croatia for the purpose of constructing and operating three solar PV plants. The SPVs are part of the Encro Group, one of the leading renewable energy developers in Croatia.

The project will have a novel structure, relying on the wholesale market to offtake the produced electricity, and therefore not benefiting from any support schemes for renewables. It will thus demonstrate a market based alternative for the renewable energy sector development in Croatia.

The higher risks associated with novel financing structures will be mitigated by a first-loss guarantee by the InvestEU programme. This is the first application of the new programme with more than two billion euros of EBRD funding for green or circular economy projects in the Bank’s European Union (EU) economies which will be backed by EU guarantees.

The electricity produced by the solar plants will be sold directly on the market, but will also allow the client to enter into corporate power purchase agreements (PPAs) at the time of its choosing.

Grzegorz Zielinski, EBRD Head of Energy Europe, said: “We are proud to be on a forefront of promoting innovative financing for renewables. This is the EBRD’s first financing of fully merchant renewable energy project in Croatia, as well as the very first project under the InvestEU Framework for Sustainable Transition. Alternative electricity offtake arrangements, as the one illustrated by this project, are crucial for scaling up renewables.”

Mark Davis, EBRD Director for Central Europe, said: “We are really pleased with this new partnership with Encro Group. Solar energy in Croatia is still underdeveloped compared with other EU countries, but it has a serious potential. This financing to three 10 MW solar PV plants – which have the required permits and approvals and will not need further regulatory support – is a welcome signal to other investors that small-scale solar PV in Croatia is already profitable.”

Iljko Ćurić, chief executive officer and owner of Encro, added: “We are proud to be able to support Croatia’s green transition, thereby contributing to the further expansion of installed solar capacity in the country. We are particularly satisfied with the fact that this is fully merchant project, demonstrating innovative ways of financing renewable projects, not only in Croatia, but also across the broader region. Implementing renewable energy sources on the island of Brač is fully aligned with the energy transition plan developed under the European Commission’s ‘clean energy for EU islands’ initiative and will reduce the island’s energy dependence on the mainland.”

To date, the EBRD has invested over 4.6 billion euros in the Croatian economy. A new country strategy, adopted in May, cites the green economy transition – including renewables – as the Bank’s top priority for Croatia.

Photo: EBRD

Additional security in gas supply for citizens, companies ensured

20.11.2023

heating-grejanje-gas — Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay

Minister of Mining and Energy Dubravka Djedovic Handanovic spoke today with Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Peter Szijjarto about cooperation in the field of natural gas supply, the construction of oil pipelines and the strengthening of electricity transmission capacities between two countries.

Djedovic Handanovic said that the gas reserves that Serbia keeps in warehouses in Hungary are larger than last year and together with the increased domestic reserves, our total reserves are now at the level of approximately 680 million cubic meters of gas.

The meeting also discussed the announced introduction of Bulgaria’s tax on the transport of Russian gas through the territory of that country.

Djedovic Handanovic assessed that such a move would be extremely unfavourable for both Serbia and Hungary, but also for some other countries in the region and the European Union, which would also be affected. Discussions are underway about measures that can be taken to protect our position.

Szijjarto emphasised that Serbia is a reliable ally and a country that helps Hungary to be more energy secure.

He also pointed out that Bulgaria, unfortunately, made decisions that threaten the security of gas supply to North Macedonia, Serbia and Hungary, and assessed that this is unacceptable.

Source: The Government of the Republic of Serbia

SUBSIDIES FOR NEW GREEN VEHICLES

19.11.2023

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (thomas-kelley)

With subsidies for electric and hybrid vehicles, the Serbian government wants to encourage individuals to opt for environmentally friendly cars. Thus, in 2020, the regulation on the conditions and method of implementing the subsidized purchase of new vehicles that have exclusively electric and hybrid drive, as well as cars that, in addition to the internal combustion engine (IC engine), also run an electric power unit (hybrid drive) was adopted. Funds in the amount of 294 million dinars were allocated this year, which is twice as much as last year. The money will be disbursed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection, based on the received applications for funding, up to available funds.

Companies/legal entities, small business owners and natural persons have the right to subsidized purchase of vehicles, and they can submit their application by October 31.

This right is not available to companies/legal entities and small business owners who have or will have the right to subsidized purchase of passenger vehicles to buy new taxis to be used as public transport.

The regulation focuses on the fact that the subsidies are valid for new vehicles, those that have never been used nor registered until the submission of the application for subsidized purchase.

IN FOCUS:

Disbursement of subsidies

As explained, legal entities, small business owners and natural persons who buy a vehicle in instalments are required to conclude a financial leasing contract before the subsidy is disbursed and pay an amount of at least 15 per cent of the purchase price of the new vehicle to the financial leasing provider as a down payment for the approval of the leasing contract.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (martin-katler)

If they buy a new vehicle with their funds, the subsidy is disbursed after submitting proof of the paid part of the purchase price. Then, within 15 days from the date of receipt of the decision, they are obliged to submit to the Ministry a vehicle purchase agreement, an advance invoice (if an advance was paid), a preliminary invoice and proof of payment of the remaining purchase price of the vehicle, i.e. a relevant bank statement.

Suppose the vehicle is purchased through financial leasing. In that case, they must submit to the Ministry a contract on financial leasing, a confirmation from the leasing company about the down payment amount and proof of the payment made within 15 days of receiving the Ministry’s decision.

Awarding subsidies is terminated if the amount of allocated funds in the current year is insufficient for the approval of all properly submitted applications.

For the fourth consecutive year, the Ministry of Environmental Protection facilitated the purchase of electric and hybrid cars as part of implementing measures to improve air quality and the quality of the environment. The data also show that citizens understand the importance of more environmentally friendly transport. Every year, an increasing number of such vehicles are purchased with the help of state subsidies. In 2020, that number was 112. In 2021, it was 504; in 2022, a record 715 vehicles were purchased with the help of state subsidies.

Prepared by: Milica Radičević

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine ELECTROMOBILITY

Greenhouse Gas concentrations hit record high. Again.

18.11.2023

emisije , zagađenje — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Chris LeBoutillier)

The abundance of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere once again reached a new record last year and there is no end in sight to the rising trend, according to a new report from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Global averaged concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important greenhouse gas, in 2022 were a full 50 percent above the pre-industrial era for the first time. They continued to grow in 2023.

The rate of growth in CO2 concentrations was slightly lower than the previous year and the average for the decade, according to WMO’s Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. But it said this was most likely due to natural, short-term variations in the carbon cycle and that new emissions as a result of industrial activities continued to rise.

Methane concentrations also grew, and levels of nitrous oxide, the third main gas, saw the highest year-on-year increase on record from 2021 to 2022, according to the Greenhouse Bulletin, which is published to inform the United Nations Climate Change negotiations, or COP28, in Dubai.

“Despite decades of warnings from the scientific community, thousands of pages of reports and dozens of climate conferences, we are still heading in the wrong direction,” said WMO Secretary-General Prof. Petteri Taalas.

“The current level of greenhouse gas concentrations puts us on the pathway of an increase in temperatures well above the Paris Agreement targets by the end of this century. This will be accompanied by more extreme weather, including intense heat and rainfall, ice melt, sea-level rise and ocean heat and acidification. The socioeconomic and environmental costs will soar.. We must reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as a matter of urgency.,” said Prof. Taalas.

Just under half of CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere. Just over one quarter are absorbed by the ocean and just under 30 percent by land ecosystems like forests – although there is considerable year-to-year variability in this. As long as emissions continue, CO2 will continue accumulating in the atmosphere leading to global temperature rise. Given the long life of CO2, the temperature level already observed will persist for several decades even if emissions are rapidly reduced to net zero.

The last time the Earth experienced a comparable concentration of CO2 was 3-5 million years ago, when the temperature was 2-3°C warmer and sea level was 10-20 meters higher than now.

“There is no magic wand to remove the excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But we have the tools to strengthen our understanding of the drivers of climate change through WMO’s new Global Greenhouse Gas Watch. This will greatly improve sustained observations and monitoring to support more ambitious climate goals,” said Prof. Taalas.

Global Greenhouse Gas Watch

The WMO Bulletin devotes its cover story to the Global Greenhouse Gas Watch, which was approved by the World Meteorological Congress in May. This ambitious initiative envisages sustained greenhouse gas monitoring in order to be able to account for both human activities related and natural sources and sinks. It will provide vital information and support for the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and aiming for 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Although the scientific community has a broad understanding of climate change and its implications, there are still some uncertainties about the carbon cycle – and the fluxes in the ocean, the land biosphere and the permafrost areas.

“These uncertainties, however, must not deter action. Instead, they highlight the need for flexible, adaptive strategies and the importance of risk management in the path to net-zero and the realization of the Paris Agreement’s goals. Provision of accurate, timely, and actionable data on greenhouse gas fluxes becomes more critical,” says the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin.

It cites the need for greater information about:

Feedback Mechanisms: The Earth’s climate system has multiple feedback loops, for example, increased carbon emissions from soils or decreased carbon uptake by oceans due to changing climate as illustrated for Europe for the droughts in 2018 and 2022.
Tipping Points: The climate system may be close to so called “tipping points”, where a certain level of change leads to self-accelerating and potentially irreversible cascade of changes. Examples would include the potential rapid die-back of the Amazon rainforest, slowing of the northern ocean circulation or the destabilization of large ice sheets;
Natural Variability: The major three greenhouse gases have substantial variability driven by natural processes superimposed on anthropogenic signal (e.g., driven by El Niño). This variability can either amplify or dampen observed changes over short periods;
Non-CO₂ Greenhouse Gases: Climate change is driven by multiple greenhouse gases, not just CO2. These gases have different atmospheric lifetimes, greater Global Warming Potential (GWP) than CO2 and uncertain future emissions.

The new Global Greenhouse Gas Watch is intended to be operational by 2028.

Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in 2022

The (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2022, the warming effect on our climate – called radiative forcing – by long-lived greenhouse gases- increased by 49 percent, with CO2 accounting for about 78 percent of this increase.

Carbon dioxide is the single most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, accounting for approximately 64 percent of the warming effect on the climate, mainly because of fossil fuel combustion and cement production.

The 2.2 parts per million (ppm) increase in the annual average from 2021 to 2022 was slightly smaller than 2020 to 2021 and for the past decade (2.46 ppm yr). The most likely reason is increased absorption of atmospheric CO2 by terrestrial ecosystems and the ocean after several years with a La Niña event. The development of an El Niño event in 2023 may therefore have consequences for greenhouse gas concentrations.

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas which remains in the atmosphere for about a decade.

Methane accounts for about 19 percent of the warming effect of long-lived greenhouse gases.

Approximately 40 percent of methane is emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (for example, wetlands and termites), and about 60 percent comes from anthropogenic sources (for example, ruminants, rice agriculture, fossil fuel exploitation, landfills and biomass burning).

The increase from 2021 to 2022 was slightly lower than the record rate observed from 2020 to 2021 but considerably higher than the average annual growth rate over the last decade.

Nitrous Oxide is both a powerful greenhouse gas and ozone depleting chemical. It accounts for about seven percent of the radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases.

N2O is emitted into the atmosphere from both natural sources (approximately 60 percent) and anthropogenic sources (approximately 40 percent), including oceans, soils, biomass burning, fertilizer use, and various industrial processes.

For N2O, the increase from 2021 to 2022 was higher than that observed any time before in our modern time record.

Source: WMO

Clean technologies are driving job growth in the energy sector, but skills shortages are an increasing concern

17.11.2023

wind farm — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (NIcholas Doherty)

The number of jobs in the global energy sector rose in 2022 as growing investment in clean energy technologies drove demand for new workers in every region of the world, according to a new IEA report that offers a benchmark for employment across all energy industries.

The second edition of the World Energy Employment report, which is published annually, maps energy sector employment by region, fuel, technology, and value chain. The report provides a data-rich foundation for policy makers, industry, labour, and educators to understand the labour-related impacts of clean energy transitions.

Global energy employment rose to 67 million people in 2022, an increase of 3.5 million from pre-pandemic levels. More than half of employment growth over this period was in just five sectors: solar PV, wind, electric vehicles (EVs) and batteries, heat pumps, and critical minerals mining. Of the five sectors, solar PV is by far the largest employer, accounting for four million jobs, while EVs and batteries were the fastest growing, adding well over one million jobs since 2019.

Jobs in fossil fuel industries have also seen an increase year-on-year, but the rebound has been more subdued, leaving fossil fuels below pre-pandemic levels, despite oil and gas companies experiencing record revenues in 2022. As a result, clean energy employment represents over half of total energy sector jobs, having overtaken fossil fuels in 2021.

The uptick of clean energy jobs occurred in every region of the world, with China, home to the largest energy workforce today, accounting for the largest share of jobs added globally. The expansion of clean energy industries is also generating upstream jobs in critical mineral mining, which added 180 000 jobs in the last three years, highlighting the growing importance of these essential elements in the new energy economy.

However, a growing number of energy industries are citing skilled labour shortages as a key barrier to ramping up activity, according to a proprietary survey carried out by the IEA with 160 energy firms globally. The report finds the number of workers pursuing degrees or certifications relevant to energy sector jobs is not keeping pace with growing demand. This is particularly the case for vocational workers like electricians specialised for energy-sector work, as well as professionals in science, technology and engineering.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (
Mariana Proença)

“The unprecedented acceleration that we have seen in clean energy transitions is creating millions of new job opportunities all over the world – but these are not being filled quickly enough,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “Governments, industry and educational institutions need to put in place programmes to deliver the expertise needed in the energy sector to keep pace with growing demand, particularly to manufacture and build the clean energy projects necessary to meet our energy and climate goals.”

Around 36 percent of the world’s energy workers are in high-skilled occupations, compared with about 27 percent for the wider economy. Some fossil fuel companies are retraining workers internally for positions in low-emissions areas to retain talent or to maintain flexibility as needs arise. However, this is not an option everywhere, and ensuring a people-centred and just transition for affected workers must remain a focus for policy makers, especially in the coal sector where employment has been declining consistently for several years, largely due to increasing mechanisation.

The increasing demand for workers in clean energy is expected to continue, with the growth in new jobs outweighing declines in fossil fuel roles in all IEA scenarios. In the updated Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario – which provides a global energy sector pathway consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5 °C – 30 million new clean energy jobs are created by 2030, while close to 13 million jobs in fossil fuel-related industries are at risk. This means that around two clean energy jobs would be created for every fossil fuel-related job lost. Energy jobs may not always be in the same location nor require the same skills, meaning policy makers should focus on job training and capacity building to ensure that energy transitions benefit as many people as possible.

Workers coming from outside the energy sector will be essential, and with some retraining, many workers today could benefit from higher wages in the energy sector. There is a growing body of policy making that aims to ensure the jobs created offer rising standards for workers, are more inclusive and target energy communities impacted by the transition, an area the IEA is tracking and analysing.

Source: IEA

HOW TO DEVELOP ELECTROMOBILITY IN SERBIA FASTER?

15.11.2023

oxana-melis-ftAVIslKM6Q-unsplash — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Oxana Melis)

Electrification is one of the global goals because it is the only way to reduce emissions of harmful gases generated by traffic. Experts predict that, by the end of 2030, we will have seen an expansion of electric vehicles, which perfectly fits into the plan to achieve climate neutrality, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

The automotive industry is turning around and is already investing in the mass production of electric vehicles, while internal combustion engines (IC engines) are slowly, albeit very slowly, leaving the production lines. The development of electromobility is also connected with the development of the charging network for electric vehicles. Unlike gas stations, which are well distributed, there are still not enough places to charge electric cars. That is why we need to work on the development of charging infrastructure, and this is where the most is expected from the Government, the line ministry and public companies. We spoke with Miroslav Alempić, Assistant Minister for Road Transport, Roads, and Traffic Safety, about developing electromobility, an electric charger network and novelties prescribed by the Law on Planning and Construction.

Q. The Law on Planning and Construction introduces the term “electromobility”. What novelty does this concept bring?

A. Electromobility is a new mobility concept that is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly forms of transportation, especially if electricity is obtained from renewable energy sources. Electric-powered vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution.

Electromobility aims to find a sustainable balance between people, vehicles and the environment. Solutions for the issues related to the Green Agenda occupy a particularly important place in the amendments to the Law on Planning and Construction. Namely, Serbia is a signatory to the Green Agenda Declaration, which, among other things, incorporates recommendations on reducing air, water and soil pollution.

Respecting the objectives of the Declaration, following its competencies, with the amendments and additions to the Law on Planning and Construction, the Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure facilitates the implementation of some of the recommendations stated in the Declaration, namely the development and promotion of electromobility, as an environmentally friendly mode of transport, through the development of the required infrastructure and the obligation to build it. First of all, it refers to the installation of electric chargers and the obligation that a certain number of electric chargers must be considered when constructing residential and business buildings, as well as petrol stations on motorways.

IN FOCUS:

Q. When can we expect chargers for electric cars to be installed along the new roads, and at what will be their power?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Thomas Despeyroux)

A. In cooperation with the line ministry, public company Putevi Srbije intends to install electric chargers on existing and new motorway segments. Regarding the sections of first-A class roads under construction, such as the Moravian Corridor and Ruma-Šabac section, the plan is to install ultra-fast electric chargers, with a power of 175kW, at all major toll stations. The new chargers for electric cars will meet all the prescribed standards and be suitable for current and next-generation electric vehicles. Given that the amendment to the Law was passed, from now on, all new and old petrol stations on motorways are obliged to install their electric chargers.

Q. How many chargers for electric cars are there on Serbian roads?

A. We do not have a precise number of electric chargers in Serbia. The assumption is that there are about 100 of them and not more than 150 of different power, which is not enough, especially since there are not enough of them installed on motorways.

As part of the road modernization effort in our country, public company Putevi Srbije installed eight chargers for electric cars in the previous period, three of which are ultra-fast chargers with a power of 175kW, at strategically key points on the motorways, at the entrance to our country and toll stations Preševo, Šid, Dimitrovgrad and Subotica, as well as at the Belgrade toll station in the direction of Niš, on the plateau of the former Niš toll station (one in the direction of Belgrade, and the other in the direction of Niš).

Of course, apart from Putevi Srbije, petrol stations have also independently installed electric chargers. For example, OMV installed chargers for electric cars at the following stations Lapovo: Sever, Martinci 1, Doljevac, Gradina, Beška 1, Bačka Topola 1, Bubanj Potok, Novi Sad, Ruma, Kruševac and Vranje, including the strongest ones which power ranges from 150 to 180kW.

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Stevan Aksentijevic)

Q. Are electric car chargers going to be installed in the coming period, and what will be their capacity?

A. A plan is to improve the electric car charging network further. In addition to petrol stations, an increasing number of people are interested in setting up their networks of electric chargers, offering a variety of amenities for electric car owners. Public company Putevi Srbije plans to install an additional 10 electric chargers on the public roads it manages this year. The specified chargers will be of newer generation, with the possibility of upgrading.

The following locations have been preliminarily determined for the installation of new chargers:

Čokot rest stop on the first A class state road No. 1, in the Niš-Preševo direction
Lalinci rest stop on the first A class state road, in the Čačak-Belgrade direction
Jerina rest stop on the first A class state road, in the Belgrade-Niš direction
Toll station Šimanovci on the first A class state road, in the Belgrade-Šid direction
Former toll station Sirig 1 on the first A class state road, Subotica-Belgrade road
Toplik rest stop on the first A class state road, in the Niš-Dimitrovgrad direction
Crvena Reka rest stop on the first A class state road, in the Dimitrovgrad-Niš direction
Korbevac reststop on first A class state road, No. 1, in the Niš-Preševo direction
Subotica toll station on the first A class state road, in the Subotica-Belgrade direction
Šid toll station, on the first A class state road, in the Šid–Belgrade direction.

The charging service at the chargers installed by Putevi Srbije is currently free to contribute to the revival and development of electric vehicle transport in Serbia. Putevi Srbije now covers the cost of electricity used by those chargers, but when the relevant legal conditions are met, a charging fee will be introduced. We also expect more petrol stations and rest stops to be supplied with green energy, which will be achieved by investing in renewable energy sources through solar panels on rooftops, petrol station parking lots and rest stops.

For example, a solar power plant at a petrol station can produce from 50 to 100,000kWh of clean electricity every year and thus offset between 20 and 30 per cent of the facility’s total energy consumption.

Interviewed by: Milica Radičević

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine ELECTROMOBILITY

Energetik energija d.o.o. – at the ENERGETIKA Fair in Belgrade

15.11.2023

Izdelek-brez-naslova-(13) — Photo: Energetik energija

The International Energy Fair (with UFI license) represents the largest annual regional gathering of companies, corporations, enterprises, institutions, and professionals in sectors related to electric power, coal, oil and gas, renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and mining.

This year, from November 28th to 30th, Energetik energija d.o.o. will once again showcase its offerings at the Belgrade Energetika Fair. The company has prepared a rich program for all partners, enthusiasts, and interested parties to join.

As one of the leading distributors of photovoltaic components in the Balkans, Energetik energija d.o.o. is a recognizable player in the dynamic and rapidly changing photovoltaic industry. Aligned with their motto, working principles, operational philosophy and the way they interact with clients, they have developed a comprehensive program for this year.

“This year has been turbulent for everyone in the photovoltaic industry, because the field by itself is subject to rapid changes. Therefore, we have decided to organize a fair event once again, and as we are known for, we have arranged an interesting program where our clients can directly receive the latest information firsthand,” says Director Riccardo Frisinghelli.

The Energetika Fair provides an opportunity to visit the company, engage with experts, and learn more about the latest products, solutions, and forecasts for the year 2024.

What to expect? For sure interactive presentations, demonstrations, and much more.

“As official distributors of renowned brands such as SolarEdge, Sungrow, TrinaSolar, K2 Systems, etc., we have organized presentations with experts from these brands as part of our close collaboration. Visitors will have the chance to meet them directly at our booth and learn more about their products, ask questions, etc.,” adds Director Riccardo Frisinghelli.

Don’t miss the opportunity to be part of the energy transformation.

Reserve your place and participate in panel discussions with manufacturers SolarEdge, Trina Solar and K2 Systems, registration is via the link.

Source: Energetik energija

What to expect during pivotal talks to end plastic pollution

14.11.2023

plastika , plastic , waste , otpad — Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Zuzanna Szczepańska)

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Naja Bertolt)

Negotiators will gather in Nairobi, Kenya, from 13-19 November for the latest in a series of talks designed to forge a legally binding global instrument to end plastic pollution.

The discussions, which represent the third session of what is known as the International Negotiating Committee (INC-3), come with the world weathering what has been described as a plastic pollution crisis.

Humanity produces around 430 million tonnes of plastic every year, two-thirds of which quickly becomes waste. Much of that ends up polluting land, sea and air while increasingly working its way into the human food chain. During INC-3, negotiators are expected to discuss an initial draft of a global instrument released earlier this year, to end plastic pollution.

We spoke with the Executive Secretary of the INC Secretariat, Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, about the upcoming talks and why a global plastics treaty is so important.

What is the goal of the INC process?

Jyoti Mathur-Filipp (JMF): The aim is to complete negotiations by the end of 2024 on an international legally binding global instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment.

Why is this process so important?

JMF: Plastic pollution has a devastating effect on ecosystems, the climate, the economy and our health. The social and economic costs of plastic pollution range between 300 US dollars and 600 US dollars billion a year, yet plastic production has surged over the past 50 years and is expected to double over the next 20 years if no action is taken.

This marks the third session of the INC. What happened at INC-2?

JMF: INC-2 took place in Paris earlier this year with more than 1,700 participants, including delegates from 169 UN Member States. They gave a mandate to the chair, with the support of the secretariat, to prepare a zero draft text of the global instrument ahead of INC-3. The zero draft was drafted based on a comprehensive approach that addresses the full life cycle of plastics, ranging from microplastics to the incentivization of non-plastic substitutes.

What will happen at INC-3?

JMF: INC-3 will be a crucial milestone to advance the consideration, understanding and articulation of some of the main elements of the future legally binding instrument, with the aim of mandating the development of the next iteration of the draft text of the instrument for consideration at INC-4, which will be held in April 2024 in Canada. The session will also feature 12 side events focusing on everything from promoting sustainable plastic production and consumption to socio-economic considerations in the transition to circular approaches to plastic.

What needs to happen to tackle plastic pollution?

JMF: We need to reduce the amount of plastics produced and eliminate single-use and short-lived plastic products. We also need to transform our ‘throwaway economy’ to a ‘reuse economy,’ where reusing plastic products makes more economic sense than throwing them away. It is important to switch to non-plastic substitutes and plastic alternatives which do not have the potential for negative environmental and social impacts. This all must come before recycling, which only tackles the end of life of plastic rather than the root cause of pollution.

What message do you have for participants in the INC process?

JMF: We know that we have the science. We need to keep the Nairobi spirit and get the substantive discussions moving, for a global solution to be reached by the end of 2024.

Ending plastic pollution is not a job for governments alone. Civil society, academia, youth and the informal sector are all part of the solution. We look forward to your active engagement and contribution to the process.

Source: UNEP

1...777879...422 Page 78 of 422

More:

IN FOCUS:

More:

More:

IN FOCUS:

More:

More:

More:

IN FOCUS:

More:

More:

MORE:

IN FOCUS:

More:

More:

Newsletter

Calendar of events

2026 February

Events for 28 February

Events for 1 March

Events for 2 March

Events for 3 March

Events for 4 March

Events for 5 March

Events for 6 March

Events for 7 March

Events for 8 March

Events for 9 March

Events for 10 March

Events for 11 March

Events for 12 March

Events for 13 March

Events for 14 March

Events for 15 March

Events for 16 March

Events for 17 March

Events for 18 March

Events for 19 March

Events for 20 March

Events for 21 March

Events for 22 March

Events for 23 March

Events for 24 March

Events for 25 March

Events for 26 March

Events for 27 March

Events for 28 March

Events for 29 March

Events for 30 March

WRITE US