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EU Rooftop Solar Standard alone could solar power 56 million homes

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay (Admiral Lebioda)
Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Michael_Pointner)

Today, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive officially enters into force, with its publication in the Official Journal of the EU. Successful implementation of the EU Rooftop Solar Standard under the EU Energy Performance Buildings Directive (EPBD) could solar power the equivalent of 56 million European homes.

A preliminary analysis conducted by SolarPower Europe suggests that the EPBD could drive the installation of 150 to 200 GW of rooftop solar in the next years, leveraging the potential of EU’s rooftops. This is assuming that 60 per cent of public buildings are suitable and fall under the scope of the EU Solar Rooftop Standard. The EPBD will tap into the vast potential of rooftops, estimated at 560 GW by the EU Joint Research Centre earlier this year.

“Like the essential integration of smoke detections years ago, this new law propels rooftop solar toward becoming the standard. More buildings, businesses, and citizens will have access to clean, renewable, economical solar energy”, said Jan Osenberg, Senior Policy Advisor at SolarPower Europe.

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The new law mandates that all new buildings be solar-ready, making it more straightforward and appealing to seek solar. According to Bloomberg NEF, proactive solar standards (as seen in some EU countries) can boost return on investment by eight to 11 per cent, compared to retroactive installations. Additionally, the Solar Standard is set to empower a wider portion of society, easing obstacles to solar adoption in multi-apartment buildings.

The EU Solar Rooftop Standard applies to new non-residential and public buildings from 2027, to existing non-residential buildings undergoing major renovations by 2028, to new residential buildings from 2030 and on all suitable existing public buildings by 2031. The Solar Rooftop Standard will most importantly unlock the potential of large rooftops such as those installed on offices, commercial buildings, or car parks. Certain buildings such as agricultural and historic structures may be excluded.

Source: SolarPower Europe

In Europe’s Wild Carpathian Mountains, Prospect of Drought Rises

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Vlad Kiselov)
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (David Iordan)

Stretching across seven Central and Eastern European countries, the Carpathian mountain range is home to some of the continent’s largest intact forests. It boasts nearly 4,000 plant species, as well as large populations of brown bears and grey wolves.

In 2003, the Carpathian Convention was established, bringing together the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine, to protect the range’s forests, wildlife and ecosystems. But climate change is threatening those natural assets, with many areas getting hotter, drier and more prone to wildfires.

The theme of this year’s World Environment Day on 5 June is land restoration, desertification and drought resilience. To find out what global warming is doing to the Carpathians, and how countries can preserve and restore one of Europe’s few truly wild areas, we spoke to Harald Egerer. He is the Head of the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Vienna Office and Secretary of the UNEP-administered Carpathian Convention.

Why is the Carpathian mountain range so important?

Harald Egerer (HE): The Carpathians are the second-largest mountain range in Europe and a jewel of nature. Forests cover more than half of the territory, including ancient forests that have developed over centuries largely undisturbed by humans. The native flora is among the richest on the continent. The Carpathians host Europe’s largest populations of brown bears, wolves, lynx, European bison and rare bird species, including the imperial eagle, which is at risk of extinction. It is also important to remember that the Carpathians contain the basins of the Danube, Dniester and Vistula rivers, major sources of freshwater in the region.

What is climate change doing to the region?

HE: Mountain regions are particularly fragile. They are more exposed to climate change and weather extremes than the surrounding lowlands. The Carpathian region has been getting hotter over the last 50 years. Its annual average temperature is projected to increase by between 3.0°C and 4.5°C by 2100.

This is creating means more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, erratic rainfall and floods. Drought increases the risk of wildfires and pest outbreaks in the Carpathians, while heavier, more intense rains lead to a greater risk of flooding and landslides. Soil and water quality is threatened. In some areas, such as southern Hungary, Romania and Serbia, falling river levels in summer increases the likelihood of drought and soil erosion.

High-altitude wetlands, which help to prevent flooding by soaking up heavy rainfall like a sponge, are at risk of drying out. This may have potentially disastrous consequences for biodiversity when you consider how many plant species and animals rely on wetlands for their habitat. As well, many migratory birds use these wetlands as a stopping point for food and shelter. Grasslands also risk becoming degraded.

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What can be done to reduce the impact of climate change in the Carpathians?

HE: Adaptation policies are essential to protect ecosystems and build resilience to drought and other extreme weather events. For example, there are a number of ways to reduce the risk of forest wildfires. The restoration of natural forests and nature-friendly forest management are of key importance. Thinning or removing shrubs and dead branches, which can catch fire more easily, is one approach. Another is ensuring a mix of tree species in a forest, which can slow the spread of fire. Restoring peatlands and wetlands, one of the objectives of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, is not only good for supporting biodiversity. It can also help to protect surrounding areas from flooding. This is because wetlands hold large amounts of floodwaters upstream, slowing the release of water downstream. On a positive note, there is a lot of work being done across the region to develop knowledge about the climate risk to forests and promote climate-smart forest management techniques.

What other environmental challenges is the Carpathian region facing?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Serhii Danevych)

HE: The region is facing different environmental challenges such as deforestation due to illegal logging and unsustainable forestry practice, habitat fragmentation, climate change, land use change and water pollution. The war affecting one of our Carpathian countries raises additional challenges to the region.  There has obviously been a decline in environmental protection in Ukraine, and potentially increased pressure on natural resources, as well as increased pollution. Across the region, waste management and plastic waste is a big issue. There are also pressures on the environment from infrastructure projects and other types of development.

What are some of the Carpathian Convention’s biggest achievements?

HE: For more than 20 years, the Convention has provided decision makers in seven countries with a joint vision and a framework for cooperation to protect nature. This has resulted in hundreds of initiatives and legislation changes at the national level. Many European Union funding programmes have included the Carpathian Convention as a criteria for funding. The convention has also adopted five protocols to protect and ensure sustainable development of the Carpathians with regards to biodiversity, forest management, tourism, transport and agriculture.

What is being done to promote biodiversity?

HE: We are the first region in the world to apply the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the regional level. As part of the Carpathian Biodiversity Framework, the Carpathian countries also committed to Carpathian Vision 2050, a strategy to conserve, restore and wisely use the biodiversity and natural beauty of the Carpathians for the benefit of the environment and the millions of people in the region.

It is also worth highlighting our work to maintain and restore ecological corridors in the Carpathians. This is helping to conserve the population of large carnivores and supporting the exceptional biodiversity in this region.

Source: UNEP

It’s not all so Colourless – How is North Korea Fighting Climate Change

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Thomas Evans)
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Micha Brandli)

Time in North Korea seems to stand still. At least that’s how it seems to the rest of the world, which cannot come to terms with the fact that in the 21st century, a time of innovation and new social values, this totalitarian country still has the strictest rules for its citizens.

Anyone who has seen at least one documentary about this East Asian country is overwhelmed by an avalanche of emotions, from anger to sadness, because of those poor people who live there and whose hairdos even have to conform to state directives.

The mainstream media has contributed to the fact that hardly anyone would want to visit North Korea because there is almost nothing positive to read about the country. However, it all sounded too bad to be true, so I embarked on my own mini-exploration that would reveal another side of this country to me.

It all started when, quite similarly, I saw a night satellite image of North Korea. It seems that this land is pitch black at night. Again, poor people who have to read by candlelight or simply go to bed early because they have nothing to do when night falls.

However, we can look at things from a different angle – maybe North Korea is not too dark, or maybe our modern cities and metropolises are too bright.

Light pollution is a serious environmental problem that disrupts the normal functioning of natural ecosystems and adversely affects human health. Furthermore, night lighting unnecessarily consumes kilowatts and kilowatts of electricity that is mostly generated from polluting sources and thereby contributes to astronomical greenhouse gas emissions.

Modern buildings are generally overlit and yet, as it often happens, topics like preventing pollution and the climate crisis are discussed in their premises.

We can hardly alleviate the climate crisis without making some sacrifices, and that’s why I say – let’s reduce the experience with night lighting and, at least when it comes to it, be a little more like North Korea.

A country with an extremely low carbon footprint

Who would have thought that this “infamous” country has such a small carbon footprint?! North Korea has reduced its carbon dioxide emissions by 70 per cent since 1990 and has pledged to reduce emissions by around 50 per cent by 2030 if other countries help it, writes the British institute RUSI.

One of the ways for North Korea to reduce emissions of harmful gases is to invest in renewable energy sources. There is an increasing number of biomass plants and solar power plants, although there is no precise data on the number of installed green kilowatts. However, in an interview from 2021, the then-representative of the Ministry of Energy revealed that 70 per cent of the country’s electricity came from renewable sources.

Being open to cooperation in the fight against climate change

It is also surprising to see how open North Korea is to cooperating with other countries when it comes to environmental protection, so it recently established cooperation with the Swiss Agency for Development in reforestation activities, increasing food security and facilitating better access to drinking water, as well as with the Hanns Seidel Foundation in the field of sustainable forestry.

North Korea continues to cooperate with the United Nations, the European Union and South Korea when it comes to environmental protection and the fight against climate change. At the same time, this country is a signatory to the United Nations Climate Change Convention, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.

“A War to Improve Nature”

Perhaps the only war I will ever support is Kim Jong Un’s “A War to Improve Nature”. In his 2015 speech, the undisputed North Korean leader called on “the entire party, the entire army and all the people to carry out a vigorous reforestation campaign so that the mountains become covered with forest.”

Reforestation efforts continue to date, while satellite images show that North Korea has gone green, especially in areas around Pyongyang.

Although often ridiculed in the media, Kim Jong Un recognized that taking care of nature is a prerequisite for the country’s economic development and his readiness for international cooperation and investment in renewable energy somewhat changed the stereotypical image of North Korea.

Milena Maglovski

Protocol on Procurement of Nine Chinese Electric Trains Signed

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Tom Grünbauer)
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Markus Winkler)

Minister of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure Goran Vesić and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the CRRC company Liu Chanqing signed the Protocol of Understanding and Cooperation on the procurement of nine new electric trains for speeds of 120 kilometres per hour.

After the signing of this document in the Serbian government, Vesić said that the acquisition of the mentioned trains was aimed at modernising the rolling stock of Srbija Voz for the needs of traffic on the future rail that will connect Zemun Polje, Nikola Tesla Airport and the national stadium and for connecting the Belgrade city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods with the specialized exhibition EXPO 2027.

He explained that these trains will be manufactured at the CRRC factory in China (Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd) and should be delivered by 31 December 2026 at the latest.

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According to him, the new electric trains, which will be adapted to all EU standards, will add to creating a new quality of transportation in Belgrade.

Vesić underlined that Serbia is ready to use the great expertise of the CRRC company in the transport sector and ensure an adequate transfer of knowledge in support of local development, including the improvement of railway passenger traffic in Serbia and the accompanying railway industry.

Chanqing underlined that the document signed today on the procurement of electric trains is another confirmation that Serbia and China are actively implementing the Belt and Road initiative and deepening pragmatic cooperation.

Energy portal

ABB Opens Nnew EUR 20 Million Energy-Efficient Factory in Belgium

Photo: ABB
Photo: ABB

ABB has opened a new 20 million euros injection molding manufacturing site at Evergem, near Ghent in Belgium, to meet the growing demand for safe, smart and sustainable electrification solutions in Europe. The modern plant has been developed to meet the latest energy-efficiency demands through the installation of new injection molding machines, digital technologies, and automation solutions. It replaces an existing facility that joined ABB as part of its acquisition of GE Industrial Solutions in 2018. The site will produce power distribution enclosures which serve as protective housings for electrical distribution components such as circuit breakers, fuses, switches, and meters, ensuring the safe distribution, metering and control of electricity throughout residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

The global electrical enclosure market size is projected to grow from 7.42 billion dollars in 2024 to 13.15 billion dollars by 2032 due to increasing demand for new buildings, the modernization of existing buildings with more efficient and reliable electrical systems, and advances in electrical distribution.

The new Evergem site is part of ABB’s Mission to Zero™ initiative towards significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of ABB sites, while supporting customers to reduce their GHG emissions by providing a decarbonization roadmap that they can implement. The initiative is expected to reduce CO2e emissions by more than 6,700 tonnes and energy consumption by more than 9,400 MWh annually compared to 2019 at the previous facility. The measures are anticipated to result in approximately 2.5 million euros in energy cost reductions annually. Equipped with energy-efficient machinery, it is expected that 10 percent of energy required at the site will be generated by 1,330 on-site rooftop solar panels, with the remaining sourced from certified green energy supplies. LED lighting, electric vehicle (EV) chargers, heat pumps, cooling water circuits and a new air ventilation plant are also contributing to the energy and carbon emissions reduction.

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The Evergem site will continuously monitor and optimize energy usage, leveraging ABB’s own digital solutions such as ABB Ability™ Building Analyzer which tracks buildings data and utilities in real-time and provides actionable insights to optimize energy efficiency. This, coupled with the use of green energy and heat pumps, also facilitates the reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Additional digital technologies such as a building management system will be introduced in the coming months to further support the energy efficiency achievement.

Photo: ABB

“The Mission to Zero™ approach at Evergem is a significant example of our aim to enable a lower-carbon society and of our commitment to accelerating the transition to more sustainable manufacturing,” said Mike Mustapha, President of ABB Electrification’s Smart Buildings division. “This advanced site is designed to fulfil future demand, not just current needs. Incorporating cutting-edge technologies and innovative processes that can optimize efficiency and productivity now and in years to come will provide a training ground and sustainability roadmap for our people and customers. We will continue to combine digital technologies with measures to reduce energy consumption and increase renewable energy sources at Evergem in 2024 and beyond.”

To enable a low-carbon society, ABB is taking a rigorous science-based net-zero targets approach in line with the Net-Zero Standard of the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). ABB partners with customers to avoid emissions and ramp up renewables. A scalable program, Mission to Zero™, covers energy generation, energy management and building automation for industrial and commercial operations.

Source: ABB

Bioclimatic Architecture as the Basis of Sustainable Construction

Photo: Courtesy of Bojana Zeković
Photo: Courtesy of Bojana Zeković

If you were to ask me whether bioclimatic architecture is the basis of sustainable construction, I would answer with a resounding “yes“. Bioclimatic architecture does not represent any style or direction in architecture but a systematic approach to design. By using this term, we want to describe buildings that are designed and constructed in such a way that they build a rational relationship with the climate in which they are created, primarily through the relationship with climatic influences but also with numerous other natural conditions.

The very term “bioclimatic“ contains two key determinants – climatic conditions and everything that the term bio refers to – from the Greek term bios, i.e. everything that makes life possible. It implies, first and foremost, the relationship between the object and nature, whether we’re talking about using natural materials, bringing nature and users closer together, or implementing solutions to improve the natural conditions at the location. It is clear from this that the environmental principles of design and construction are based on bioclimatic principles.

We also call this approach in architecture – contextual architecture because it respects the characteristics of the context – the object’s environment, at both the micro and macro level.

What bioclimatic architecture is not are all examples of contextual, imported, and ill-considered solutions which do not correspond to the local climate, the scale of the environment, the choice of materials, or the characteristics of a certain assembly. This perhaps explains the term in a better way.

In focus:

Vernacular architecture

Why must bioclimatic architecture be the basis of sustainable construction? Because it always has been. Examples of buildings that have stood the test of time in terms of their durability are various examples of folk vernacular architecture around the world, which is now part of the cultural heritage of humanity. This includes our Dinaric log cabin and the Vojvodina log house. The buildings made by folk builders, most often unnamed, were built mainly using locally available materials, with a thoughtful attitude towards local climatic conditions, which has been perfected over centuries. The relationship to the climatic conditions, often harsh, in cooperation with the available materials, led to the development of specific forms, structural assemblies and details that become a climate characteristic.

Examples of vernacular architecture were first recorded and exhibited by the architect Bernard Rudofsky in a highly influential exhibition at the MoMA (Museum of Modern Architecture, NY), titled “Architecture Without Architects“ back in 1964.

Shortly after that came the 1973 energy crisis, when the world realized that modern buildings, which throughout the 20th century increasingly resembled each other regardless of where they were built, relied heavily on heating, cooling and ventilation systems that consume large quantities of energy. Awareness regarding the energy that buildings consume for their functioning and the need to build them more rationally directed the profession towards searching for more logical solutions regarding the organization, materialization, and construction of buildings. Examples of vernacular architecture and local building traditions have become some of the basic role models, still inspiring contemporary architects. There have been numerous examples of how, in the last half-century, vernacular architecture objects have influenced contemporary architecture. One research direction relates to the study of bioclimatic principles according to which traditional buildings were designed, which made it possible to improve the comfort of staying in them without the implementation of technical systems, such as integration of the natural ventilation principles in dry, hot climates, or passive solar heating in cooler and temperate climates.

Photo: Courtesy of Bojana Zeković

Integrating these principles into the design concept of modern buildings, which nevertheless requirea higher level of comfort, leads to significant energy savings during their use. Also, the reuse of recently forgotten and neglected construction techniques and locally available materials (e.g., rammed earth) gives great results in revitalizing local communities, significantly contributing to local economies and cultural diversity. It is clear from these examples that bioclimatic architecture includes all aspects of sustainability – environmental, economic, and social. All the aforementioned examples belong to the contemporary direction, or better, to the tendency in architecture that defines the connection and foothold in the local tradition through a neo-vernacular approach.

Although the development of bioclimatic principles in vernacular architecture took a long time, based on relatively constant natural conditions, but also more or less unchanged user needs, only to later form recognizable forms that were then attributed to the folk builder through several centuries of trials, errors and constant correction and improvement, today you should never try to build without architects. Preferably good ones! These architects know how to listen to requests, recognize users’ needs (real estate developers), and design projects that complement the natural conditions, programs, regulations, rational relationship to resources and many other conditions in the best possible way.

Bojana Zeković

Read the whole story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION 

Surging investment in manufacturing of clean energy technologies is supporting economic growth

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (markus-winkler)
Photo-illustration: Pixabay (mrganso)

Booming investment in the manufacturing of clean energy technologies, especially solar PV and batteries, is becoming a powerful economic driver globally, creating new industrial and employment opportunities, according to a new report from the International Energy Agency released today.

In a first-of-its-kind analysis, Advancing Clean Technology Manufacturing finds that global investment in the manufacturing of five key clean energy technologies – solar PV, wind, batteries, electrolysers and heat pumps – rose to USD 200 billion in 2023, an increase of more than 70 percent from 2022 that accounted for around 4 percent of global GDP growth.

Spending on solar PV manufacturing more than doubled last year, while investment in battery manufacturing rose by around 60 percent . As a result, solar PV module manufacturing capacity today is already in line with what is needed in 2030 based on the IEA’s net zero emissions scenario. For battery cells, if announced projects are included, manufacturing capacity is 90 percent of the way towards meeting net zero demand at the end of this decade.

The report finds that many projects in the pipeline will be operational soon. Around 40 percent of investments in clean energy manufacturing in 2023 were in facilities that are due to come online in 2024. For batteries, this share rises to 70 percent.

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“Record output from solar PV and battery plants is propelling clean energy transitions – and the strong investment pipeline in new facilities and factory expansions is set to add further momentum in the years ahead,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “While greater investment is still needed for some technologies – and clean energy manufacturing could be spread more widely around the globe – the direction of travel is clear. Policy makers have a huge opportunity to design industrial strategies with clean energy transitions at their core.”

Clean energy manufacturing is still dominated by a few regions. China, for example, is currently home to more than 80 percent of global solar PV module manufacturing capacity. However, the report finds that the manufacturing of battery cells could become less geographically concentrated by the end of this decade; if all announced projects are realised, Europe and the United States could each reach around 15 percent of global installed capacity by 2030.

New data and analysis based on plant-level assessments of more than 750 facilities indicate that China remains the lowest-cost producer of all clean energy technologies. Battery, wind and solar PV manufacturing facilities are typically 20 percent to 30 percent more expensive to build in India than in China, and 70 percent to 130 percent more in the United States and Europe. However, the vast majority of total production costs for these technologies (70 percent to 98 percent ) is estimated to come from operational costs, which include inputs such as energy, labour and materials – implying that production cost gaps seen today are not immutable and can be influenced by policy.

Source: IEA

Romania adopts offshore wind law

Photo-illustration: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (NIcholas Doherty)

The Romanian Parliament adopts the country’s first Offshore Wind Energy Law.

This bill comes at a time when the country needs to assert its energy independence and resilience. The deployment of its offshore wind energy resources can play a big role in achieving these goals. Romania aims to develop its first offshore wind farm by 2032.

The Romanian Ministry of Energy will launch a dedicated study within three months of the entry into force of the law to assess wind potential, grid capacity, possible Maritime Spatial Planning restrictions including on biodiversity and environment, and to gather information on concession award procedures.

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Romania is currently developing many wind projects. And the country added 72 MW of onshore wind energy to its energy mix in 2023. A first in 10 years.

“This new offshore wind law is good news for Romania, and it’s good news for Europe. Offshore wind is homegrown, scalable and competitive, it can become central to Southeast Europe’s energy security and growth strategy”, said WindEurope’s Chief Policy Officer Pierre Tardieu.

Source: Wind Europe

Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Development of Croatian Cities

Photo: Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets of the Republic of Croatia
Photo: Courtesy of Ines Androić Brajčić

Green spaces in urban areas significantly raise the quality of life in a society undergoing intense urbanization. Constant improvement of green infrastructure contributes to sustainable development and, at the same time, has social, environmental, and economic benefits. In Croatia, one of Serbia’s neighbors, implementing green infrastructure is becoming increasingly common while applying green principles has generated recognizable benefits, which have led to significant investments in this area.

After the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the Program for the Development of Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas, which covers the period until 2030, in December 2021, the Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets launched two calls for grants – one for the development of green urban renewal strategies and the other for the implementation of a pilot project, to which almost 25 million euros have been allocated to through the 2021-2026 National Recovery and Resilience Plan. We spoke with Ines Androić Brajčić, Head of Sector for Green Urban Infrastructure and Circular Management of Spaces and Buildings in the Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets of the Republic of Croatia, about the green construction standards in architectural practice, the development of green infrastructure in urban areas, EU funds, as well as the Green Urban Renewal Strategy.

In focus:

Q: What is the way to greener cities and municipalities in Croatia?

A: The way to greener cities and municipalities is the development of the Green Urban Renewal Strategy, an important strategic basis for local governments. The strategy refers to accomplishing green infrastructure development goals, integrating nature-based solutions, improving circular management of space and buildings, meeting energy efficiency goals, adapting to climate change and boosting resistance to risks. Ninety-six cities and municipalities applied following our public call to develop Green Urban Renewal Strategies, which clearly shows that the importance of green urban renewal has been recognized. In addition to providing implementation policies and co-financing from the EU and national sources, the Ministry also supports the development of various guidelines and methodologies and holds training sessions and the like.

Q: How do you define green infrastructure, and what are its benefits? There would be no green construction without green architectural projects. How long have green building standards been used in architectural practice, and what do they most often imply?

A: The Spatial Planning Act defines green infrastructure as planned green and water areas and other nature-based spatial solutions which are applied in cities and municipalities, and which contribute to the preservation, improvement and restoration of nature, natural functions and processes as well as generate environmental, economic, and social benefits. The benefits of green infrastructure are multiple and vary from environmental to economic and diverse social benefits. Environmental benefits are, for example, the reduction of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions or the mitigation of the thermal island effect, achieved by reducing the air temperature in cities. Economic benefits include a reduction in overall energy demand, indirect damage reduction from extreme rainfall and flooding, higher value of real estate and others. Social benefits include improving the quality of life and health of people living in cities, creating a pleasant living environment, connecting different social groups and encouraging their interaction and contributing to the preservation of architectural heritage and the vision of cities by renovating parks and gardens, as well as amassing new heritage by creating new spaces. These are just some of the many benefits of green infrastructure. The Ministry also encourages the energy renovation of public and multi-apartment buildings and family houses and the implementation of green infrastructure elements in those buildings, such as green roofs and building fronts. We encourage integral renovation, which includes at least one energy renovation measure, with a minimum energy saving of 50 per cent.

Furthermore, we support the in-depth renovation defined by the Construction Law, which implies a reduction of energy consumption for heating and primary energy by 50 per cent annually and a complete renovation prescribed by the Directive on the energy properties of buildings from 2018, which additionally includes increasing seismic resistance, fire protection and improvement of indoor climate conditions in buildings. None of that is implemented without special consideration for Program. This Program was created to establish sustainable, resilient, safe, pleasant, and orderly cities and municipalities in Croatia, i.e. its goal is to create prerequisites for a better quality of life and health of people and contribute to sustainable social, economic and spatial development. This will be achieved by quality planning and management of the development of green infrastructure and its improvement, as well as by ensuring its availability and boosting knowledge and social awareness of sustainable development.

Photo: Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets of the Republic of Croatia

Q: How much money did Croatia receive from EU funds and green infrastructure development programs, how were they used, and how many countries encourage this important segment?

A: Through EU funds for the development of green infrastructure, local governments have several sources of funding at their disposal. One funding source for local governments is the 2021-2026 National Recovery and Resilience Plan from the NextGenerationEU and REPoverEU mechanisms, with 25 million euros at local governments’ disposal. This money is for the development of the Green Urban Renewal Strategy and the implementation of pilot projects. Also, the 2021-2027 Operational Competitiveness and Cohesion Program has envisaged 71 million euros for green infrastructure development projects in urban areas that will come from the European Regional Development Fund. Costs related to investments in green infrastructure are also justifiable costs as part of the 2021- 2027 Integrated Territorial Program. The Republic of Croatia also provides national funding, awarded through tenders launched by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund. spaces and canopy coverage. Each Member State must draw up its nature restoration plan based on the draft Law. Currently, the European Commission is preparing guidelines for developing those plans, and when they are completed, more will be known about the Law’s implementation.

Interviewed by Mirjana Vujadinović Tomevski 

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION

Kikinda Gets a Solar Power Plant

Photo: Aleksandar Rajić
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Michael Fortsch)

The northern part of our country will get yet another solar power plant. The MT-KOMEX Company continues to build a sustainable future and produce green kilowatts. Its team of engineers, who have already implemented numerous successful projects with a total installed capacity of over 100MW, will build this solar plant.

After two successful projects implemented in Vojvodina, a third one will follow shortly, more precisely, the construction of a solar power plant in the administrative centre of the North Banat District. Namely, the latest MT-KOMEX project is located in Kikinda.

The project – the B2 Sunspot solar power plant, for which the market premium was obtained at the first auctions held in Serbia – will have a power of 7MW AC, while the installed power will be 7.8MWp, which will make this power plant an essential player in the green energy sector.

The area where the power plant will be located spans 8,500 square meters and was chosen because of its previous status as a former landfill.

Building the plant in this location will not only transform an unused space into a productive area but also lead to an environmental revitalization of a plot.

Once the former landfill is turned into a location for solar panels, the environmental impact becomes positive. Suddenly, a power plant emerges from the landfill and produces electricity that will be forwarded to the power distribution system. A once unattractive, polluted, and neglected area becomes productive, with investors not having to occupy pristine natural areas or agricultural and fertile land to build.

IN FOCUS:

Another positive aspect is that embarking on projects of this type implies that the required infrastructure usually already exists, such as the power grid and roads in the vicinity of the former landfills. All of this, put together, is an example of true sustainable development.

In terms of panels, the power plant will use bifacial solar panels from the renowned manufacturer Canadian Solar. Their individual power will be 660Wp. The mentioned bifacial solar panels allow double absorption of sunlight on both sides of the panel, leading to higher and more efficient electricity production. Their efficiency, depending on how ideal the weather conditions are, can be 10 per cent or even over 20 per cent higher than that of monofacial panels.

Photo: Aleksandar Rajić

Fronius International inverters traditionally play a crucial role in converting solar energy into electricity. The Tauro Eco 100-3-P model was specifically chosen for this project. The total number of inverters will be 70, ensuring high-quality and safe energy transformation from one form to another.

Seven dry energy transformers with a 1,000kVA capacity will be installed at the project site, further improving the system’s efficiency and reliability.

In addition to the inverters and the solar panels themselves, the rest of the equipment also comes from the Turkish manufacturer Kirac Metal. This manufacturer will provide structures that are long-lasting and resistant to different weather conditions, which last year proved to be a more than significant issue, considering that Vojvodina was hit by extraordinary-scale supercell storms.

All the features we have mentioned will contribute to the estimated annual production of 11,000MWh, which will position the B2 Sunspot solar power plant in Kikinda as a significant stakeholder in the renewable energy sector. Thus, it will contribute to reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

The MT-KOMEX Company will once again have the opportunity to show its competence, professionalism, and, above all, experience in this field. After a hundred thousand installed panels throughout Serbia, it still effectively solves all field challenges ahead.

Prepared by: Milica Vučković

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION 

How Can We Have a More Sustainable Construction Sector?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Wonderlane)
Photo: courtesy of Dragana Korica

The construction sector in Serbia is among the strongest economic branches in terms of volume and has been recording significant growth in real estate development. According to global statistics, the construction sector occupies a leading negative position in almost everything in the context of the impact on the environment and climate, with almost 50 per cent share when it comes to energy consumption, emissions of harmful gases, the use of natural resources (of which drinking water makes 14 per cent) and the quantity of generated waste. Managing the construction sector sustainably is important for a more sustainable future. Dragana Korica, executive director of the Green Building Council of Serbia, speaks for Energy Portal magazine about the Council and its contribution towards such a future.

The Green Building Council of Serbia was founded by eight companies from the construction sector in 2010. The companies shared a great awareness and values, recognizing that the turn towards sustainability was inevitable, as was responsibility towards society, the living and the built environment. Following the direction of the construction sector, which was already developing fast in other parts of the world, but also the desire to achieve a necessary and noticeable positive effect on their local environment and community, led the Council to join the global green building movement and thus improve its original goals.

“Today, the Council has over 50 members who know why building green is an inevitable and irreversible direction that we should all strive for and who pave that way with their membership and activities under the Council’s auspices. The Council has come a long way since its establishment. In the past 14 years, many things have changed, both locally and globally, and the topics of climate change, green transition and sustainability have come to the forefront as crucial and inevitable during that period. We have learned that we must face these pressing issues together on a planetary level”, says Ms Korica.

IN FOCUS:

Photo-illustration: Pixabay

Membership in the World Green Building Council made it possible to keep abreast of current issues and problems, find solutions and keep up with the latest knowledge and innovations related to a sustainable built environment. At one point, the Ministry of Construction, Transport, and Infrastructure appointed the Green Building Council of Serbia as the “umbrella organization for all issues related to green construction”, which they do not take lightly, but it is a validation of their work so far and achieved results.

In addition to being a member of the World Green Building Council, this organization is also a member of the European Regional Network (ERN), in which they actively participate. Their representatives from the Serbian chapter of the Green Building Council participate in the thematic working groups and events held by the World Green Building Council, which they also organize locally, such as World Green Building Week. Furthermore, their members give their expert contributions to publications and international projects in which they participate through the ERN. This global network allows them to implement all the relevant and current trends locally, which are related to the necessary transition of the construction sector and the built environment.

“Of course, outside of this framework, we also have direct communication and inter-member cooperation with many individual European councils. For example, through this form of direct cooperation, we recently ensured that two members of the Green Building Council of Serbia went through certification training of the German DGNB certification system for free”, Ms Korica adds.

Promotion of sustainability

Photo-illustratiok: Pixabay (Văn Hồng Phúc Bùi)

Construction products rely heavily on natural resources. Global statistics say that this reliance amounts to 50 per cent, while natural resources are decreasing. One of the Council’s basic roles is to promote the necessary transformation of the construction sector in the direction of sustainable construction and highlight the fact that this sector is one of the most receptive to the implementation and innovation of the circularity model. A change is necessary for the sake of energy and emissions related to the environment and also because of the ongoing crisis caused by the lack of energy and the overrepresentation of emissions. Such promotion is implemented through conferences, panels, workshops and webinars.

The Council also participates in the activities of other organizations and institutions with which it shares related topics, as well as with state institutions, ministries and all relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, the Council is involved in monitoring regulations, especially draft laws, and regulations.

Prepared by: Katarina Vuinac

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION

Luxen Solar – Caring For Each Customer

Photo: Luxen Solar
Photo: Courtesy of Alisa Papadimitriou

From its very formation, the Luxen Solar Company has clearly defined its operational principles and set up the production of a quality and reliable product that enables a faster return on investment, while taking utmost care of each customer. Abundant experience in the production of top-quality solar panels and the constant development of solar cell technology are confirmed by over 15 industry awards and the company declared one of the TOP 20 exporters. Today, its portfolio includes a wide range of products for both roofs and land projects, while one of its goals is to establish long-term partnerships in every country in which it operates.

Alisa Papadimitriou, Business Development Director for Europe at Luxen Solar, talks about how important it is to have good communication with customers and help them in project implementation, in addition to having a good quality product.

Q: What do you think is the company’s greatest asset?

A: First and foremost, it’s the care for every customer. Exceptional customer service is one of the most important things to us. Quick response and quick help, no matter what. Luxen Solar is oriented towards long-term business relationships that are built on trust and transparency. Clients appreciate having a partner they can rely on, who is always honest and ready to find the best solutions. For our team, there are no problems, only solutions, and it is made up of people who always think outside the box.

In second place is constant growth and orientation towards innovative technologies. Customers want a reliable partner they can trust. The constant growth of a company that has realistic goals and careful planning that is supported by a good financial situation, on the one hand, and always being in step with the latest innovations, to provide clients with the most advanced technology, on the other, are the biggest advantages of Luxen Solar.

IN FOCUS:

Q: What are the benefits of doing business in the Serbian market?

Photo: Luxen Solar

A: Serbia is my homeland, it is the place where I grew up and the country I love. I am especially pleased to see the growing awareness among people about the importance of living in a carbon dioxide-free world, as well as the regulations in place which are required to achieve the set goals in this segment. I care very much about the pollution-free future of Serbia. Our goal is to help everyone meet their clean electricity needs. With the installation of our solar panels, we ensure a quick return on investment and a quality module of high durability and performance that will allow for a longer service life, far beyond the usual expectations. The solar panel is the most important part of the installation and must meet all the criteria and that is what we offer to clients.

Q: What is the biggest challenge manufacturers face and how does Luxen Solar overcome them?

A: The biggest challenges facing solar panel manufacturers are the rapid changes in cell technology. In today’s world, research and development are progressing very fast in every industry. The development of solar cells dictates the direction of the development of solar modules and rapid changes are imminent. Very few manufacturers are able to respond to these changes, because keeping up with the development of technologies requires significant and constant investments in new machines. We closely follow the development of technology and choose to offer clients the one that is best in terms of the benefits it brings, keeping in mind a quick return on investment for investors. We are financially stable, have invested in new production lines and use only the most advanced robotics and artificial intelligence.

Interviewed by: Milica Radičevič

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION 

The 15-Minute-City Concept for More Sustainable Urban Living in Serbia

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Miguel Ibáñez)
Photo: courtesy of Ivan Simić

Climate change is a challenge that needs to be approached comprehensively, which also implies solving the problem of urban living as an important link. Although based on a not-so-recent idea, the so-called 15-minute-city concept has gained importance only in recent years. Namely, the concept was devised in 2016 by Professor Carlos Moreno from the Sorbonne in Paris, and it gained wide publicity in 2021 at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic. Then Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, promoted it as a strategic planning policy and a kind of urban response to the socio-economic crisis caused by the pandemic. However, as mentioned, the concept is not new but originates from urban planning and design theory. According to Professor Moreno, the idea was inspired by Jane Jacobs’ 1961 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, considered the first comprehensive critique of 20th-century cities subordinated to the automobile and road infrastructure.

Ivan Simić, assistant professor at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, with whom we talked about the problems related to urban living and the possibility of applying the 15-minute-city concept in Serbia, offered a simplified explanation. According to him, the 15-minute city is one of several related models based on the principles of chrono-urbanism. The concept rests on short intervals of 5, 10 or 15 minutes, a norm for creating autonomous city entities in neighborhoods or pedestrian and cyclist-friendly districts. The proximity and diversity of the city’s facilities within the time limit of 15 minutes shorten the commuting distances to a maximum of 1,500 meters. The concept contributes to greater mobility and facilitates energy efficiency and overall autonomy of an urban neighborhood.

Q. Are there any good examples of this concept in the world? How did they perform in practice?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Yulia Agnis)

A. First, we should underline historical examples of European cities that are a model for various modern urban concepts of sustainable cities, such as compact cities, pedestrian cities, or 15-minute cities. When it comes to major European cities that have kept their historical patterns, we can single out Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Prague, Florence, Edinburgh and Zurich, as well as many others. However, the authentic value of European urban heritage is the medium and small-sized cities that developed from their medieval urban nucleus. Therefore, a pedestrian-friendly city is their inherent property preserved and later served as a model for further urban development and growth.

The paradigm shift in the 1960s towards car-free neighborhoods and city centers led to a wave of urban renewal in the US, so many cities successfully transformed into urban environments ideal for pedestrians and cyclists, such as Boston, San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C.

Many modern examples rest on these principles. It takes time to determine whether they have been successfully implemented. Evolutionarily designed city units, which have been developed by many participants over a long period, have proven to be a more successful model of development than those that were designed and implemented in one breath.

IN FOCUS:

Q. Could any parts of larger cities in Serbia, especially Belgrade, fit into this concept?

A. From the 1950s to 1980s, Belgrade had a very modern planning practice, the most prominent representative of which is the General Urban Plan (GUP) from 1972, which was publicly presented under an impressive slogan “Archipelago of Neighborhoods in the Sea of Greenery“. This was the vision of Belgrade until the year 2000: to have polycentric development with new satellite neighborhoods surrounded by green areas and with all the necessary central functions. This made them autonomous urban areas, which coincided with the principles of the 15-minute city. Banovo Brdo is an example of a Belgrade neighborhood that sprung up spontaneously but was built according to Pešić’s plan and fitted into the mould of a 15-minute city. Although Banovo Brdo is not ideal because of the many challenges it has faced in the last two decades, such as e.g. excessive construction and lack of parking space, it is a good example of a neighborhood where you can find almost everything you want, in a space-time dimension of 15 minutes or about 1,500 meters.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Snowscat)

This is not the only example of a city within a city in Belgrade. Vidikovac, Sava blocks, Senjak, Dorćol and many other Belgrade neighborhoods complement the 15-minute city concept. Unfortunately, unplanned urban development and construction threaten to disturb the balance of these neighborhoods. Excessive construction, overpopulation, car traffic and scarce green areas act as dystopian processes, especially against the vision of an archipelago of neighborhoods in the sea of greenery of the 1972 General Urban Plan, which is a precious heritage because it offered visionary solutions to issues that are very topical today.

Q. How can we increase the number of such neighborhoods in Serbian citizens, and what are the biggest challenges and obstacles related to their implementation?

A. To implement this or similar concepts, we should have a strategic approach to planning our cities and a good alignment between the strategic level and the existing system of urban plans of general and detailed regulation. That should be guided and harmonized by good strategic documents that must be consistently implemented to get the expected results. The Strategy of Sustainable Urban Development of Serbia, which covers the period until 2030, is an example of such a document adopted. It was passed in 2019.

As in the case of European cities, we can also look up to good historical examples from very different eras of urban development. A bazaar is a linear urban pattern from the Turkish period based on the idea of a central pedestrian street containing everything required for a person to meet their daily needs. The legacy of Central European urbanism in Vojvodina is an orthogonal network of streets and public spaces planned for cyclists and pedestrians.

Interviewed by: Katarina Vuinac

Read the story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION

Green Bonds for Financing the Development of Environmental Projects

Photo-illustration: Pexels (Sathish kumar Periyasamy)
Photo: Courtesy of Zoran Grubišić

Green bonds are a relatively young financial instrument dating back just over 15 years. In 2007, the European Investment Bank (EIB) issued these securities for the first time. Green bonds are debt securities that can be issued by the state or private institutions, under the condition that the money collected in this way should be used towards financing projects that have a positive impact on the living environment and are re lated to the sustainable development goals (renewable energy, energy efficiency, traffic, sustainable management water and wastewater) or activities related to climate change.

Plus, the issuer is obligated to report to the public, and investors whether the funds thus collected are used in the manner stated in the prospectus.

We spoke with Zoran Grubišić, Dean and Professor at the Belgrade Banking Academy, about the first issued green bond in Serbia, the country’s laws that regulate green bonds and how these securities function in the Western Balkans.

In Focus:

Q: How long have these financial instruments taken root in the Western Balkans? Is there a legal framework in Serbia for issuing green sovereign bonds?

A: In 2020, together with the other Western Balkan countries, the Republic of Serbia signed the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans Declaration in Sofia. Soon after that, laws on climate change and renewable energy sources were passed. All this gave impetus to Serbia developing a framework document for issuing green bonds, which is in line with the principles related to green bonds published in June 2021 by the International Capital Markets Association (ICMA) and their four basic components: use of funds, cost evaluation and selection process, asset management and reporting.

In 2016, the Green Fund was established in Serbia as an institutional financial mechanism to implement environmental protection financing measures. The Green Fund is financed through donations and loans, the Serbian state budget allocations for this year and other public revenues. Serbia also received the 2021 Sovereign Green Market Pioneer Award given by the Climate Bonds Initiative. This award is significant because it classifies us as an environmentally responsible country.

Q: What is the importance of green bonds for investors, and what are the advantages for the state?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Natanael Vieira)

A: When green bonds are issued by the state or local authorities (muni cipalities), the tax treatment related to interest rate income (financial income generated by green bonds) is clear. All government securities are exempt from this tax, which makes them even more attractive from the investor’s point of view. Of course, another risk always considered in this situation is the currency risk, depending on whether the bonds are euro-indexed or classic dinar bonds, which carry such risk. Nevertheless, taking into account that the foreign currency exchange rate has been stable in the last ten years, as well as that Serbia still seems quite attractive in terms of capital influx from abroad, we can say that such a risk is acceptable in the medium term from the standpoint of investors who invest in dinar bonds. If we look at things from the state’s point of view, it is clear that our public debt is dominated by Eurobonds that do not carry such a risk, so it is to be expected that this would also be the case with this specific financial instrument.

Q: Can green bonds be attributed to investors’ environmental goals, i.e. that they obligate investors to invest in sustainable projects?

A: There are very important examples of acceptable costs in project financing for each of the so-called green categories: renewable energy, energy efficiency, transport, sustainable water and wastewater management, pollution control and prevention, the circular economy, environmental and biodiversity protection and sustainable agriculture. Altogether, it fits into the definition of the basic idea of green bonds, which is the question of sustainable development, a topic that is immensely popular today. Of course, all this is appropriately monitored through mandatory regular reporting.

Interviewed by Mirjana Vujadinović Tomevski

Read the whole story in the new issue of the Energy portal Magazine SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND FINANCING OF GREEN CONSTRUCTION

Flue gas desulfurization in TENT A, the largest environmental project in thermal power plants in Europe

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay (ustalij_pony)
Photo-illustration: Pixabay (yecao2018)

Dubravka Djedović Handanović, Minister of Mining and Energy, visited the construction site of the flue gas desulphurization plant in the Nikola Tesla A thermal power plant, where all works are scheduled to be completed by the end of March this year, and the plant will then undergo trial operation.

“We could witness firsthand that the works on the construction of the flue gas desulfurization plant will be completed in a few days, when the plant will be put to trial operation. This is the largest environmental project in a thermal power plant in Europe, and the third largest in the world, for which we have allocated almost 215 million euros”, said the Minister.

She pointed out that the construction of the flue gas desulphurization plant in TENT A contributes to reducing of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by as much as ten times, as well as reducing particles within the limits established by the European Union and national regulations. This will lead to significantly improved air quality for the citizens of Obrenovac, the surrounding villages, and Belgrade.

“With projects like this, we somewhat extend the ecological lifespan of thermal power plants, which is crucial for the generation of baseload energy.” Until we develop enough capacity from renewable energy sources, or until we secure another source of baseload energy, we will have to rely on capacities from thermal power plants, of course in line with the highest environmental standards,” said the Minister.

More:

She reminded that this project is implemented with the financial support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), which is interested in participating in other projects in the energy sector.

“During April, I expect a delegation from Japan that will visit this facility together with us. This will provide a good foundation for future cooperation with Japanese partners, considering their interest in participating in the financing and construction of energy facilities in our country”, said the Minister.

The Minister expressed satisfaction that domestic institutes Mihajlo Pupin and Nikola Tesla participated in the realization of this project, which worked on software, electronics and digitalization of the operation of this plant.

Djedović Handanović pointed out that, owing to the limestone preparation plant, by-product gypsum will be produced, which can be used in the construction industry. “We want to encourage EPS to play a more significant role in the circular economy and to take advantage of the large quantities of gypsum that will be produced here.” Additionally, the implementation of the ash handling project is underway, which will enable the use of ash, important for the construction of roads and other facilities in the construction sector,” she said.

The Minister mentioned that the construction of the desulphurization plant in the Nikola Tesla B thermal power plant will be completed next year, enabling a reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions by about 20 times.

“The completion of the desulphurization plant in TENT B will mean that more than 50 percent of the electricity produced from thermal power plants, will be subject to the most advanced environmental measures, and reduce negative impacts on the environment,” she said.

Source: Ministry of Mining and Energy

EU needs 8 times more charging points per year by 2030 to meet CO2 targets

Foto-ilustracija: Pixabay
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (CHUTTERSNAP)

A new European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) report reveals an alarming gap between the current availability of public charging points for electric cars in the EU and what will be needed in reality to meet CO2-reduction targets.

EU electric car sales grew three times faster than charging point installation between 2017 and 2023, ACEA’s report shows. Looking ahead, the EU needs eight times more charging points annually by 2030, according to industry estimations.

“We need mass-market adoption of electric cars in all EU countries to achieve Europe’s ambitious CO2-reduction targets. This will not happen without widespread availability of public charging infrastructure right across the region,” stated ACEA’s Director General, Sigrid de Vries.

“We are very concerned that infrastructure rollout has not kept pace with battery-electric car sales in recent years. What is more, this ‘infrastructure gap’ risks widening in the future – to a much greater extent than European Commission estimates.”

More:

Just over 150,000 public charging points were installed last year across the EU (less than 3,000 per week on average), reaching a total of over 630,000.

According to the European Commission, 3.5 million charging points should be installed by 2030. Reaching this target would mean installing around 410,000 public charging points per year (or nearly 8,000 per week) – almost three times the latest annual installation rate.

However, ACEA estimates that 8.8 million charging points will be needed by 2030. Reaching this would require 1.2 million chargers to be installed per year (or over 22,000 per week) – eight times the latest annual installation rate.

“Easy access to public charging points is not ‘nice to have’, but an essential condition to decarbonize road transport, in addition to market support and a competitive manufacturing framework in Europe. Investments in public charging infrastructure must be urgently ramped up if we are to close the infrastructure gap and meet climate targets,” cautioned de Vries.

Source: ACEA

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