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Public Announcement For The Selection Of The Supplier Of Last Resort And Vulnerable Customers For Electricity Supply

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (jorono)
Photo: Ministry of Energy of Montenegro

The Ministry of Energy (hereinafter: the Ministry) invites interested energy entities engaged in electricity supply activities to submit bids in accordance with the Tender Documentation for the selection of the supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers for electricity supply (hereinafter: Tender Documentation). The selection of the supplier is conducted through a public bidding procedure.

1. Subject of Public Bidding

The subject of public bidding is the selection of the supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers for electricity supply for a period of three calendar years (2026, 2027, and 2028).

The supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers provides electricity supply to:

  1. households and small consumers not classified as households connected to distribution systems at 0.4 kV, who, without their fault, are left without a supplier or a supply contract, and for whom the supplier is obliged to take over the supply based on a notification from the previous supplier, for a maximum period of three months, if the previous supplier is unable to continue supply due to bankruptcy or loss of license, or if the consumer has not found a new supplier;
  2. households and small consumers not classified as households connected to distribution systems at 0.4 kV who choose to be supplied by the supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers; and
  3. vulnerable customers, including those who are medically and socially disadvantaged and those who are socially disadvantaged.

The supply of vulnerable customers who are medically and socially disadvantaged is provided with subsidies for monthly electricity bills, and the suspension of electricity supply is prohibited for this group, regardless of outstanding electricity consumption obligations.

The supply of vulnerable customers who are socially disadvantaged is provided with a prohibition on electricity supply suspension from the beginning of October to the end of April, regardless of outstanding electricity consumption obligations.

The supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers also supplies end customers connected to the transmission system and other end customers connected to the distribution system who, without their fault, are left without supply, at prices formed in accordance with Article 58 of the Energy Law and the Methodology for Determining Prices Applied by the Supplier of Last Resort and Vulnerable Customers (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 83/16). Before starting the supply, such customers must provide and, if necessary, renew a bank guarantee equivalent to three months’ estimated consumption based on these prices and submit it to the supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers.

The bidder must offer unit prices of electricity per tariff elements (higher, lower, and unified tariff) for the first year of supply. The ratio between tariff elements for electricity consumed in higher and lower tariffs cannot exceed 3:1, according to the General Conditions for Electricity Supply (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 70/16).

The bidder must propose formulas for determining electricity prices for the second and third year of supply, using clear and easily verifiable parameters to determine price levels.

The supplier of last resort and vulnerable customers selected through public bidding must apply the offered unit prices per tariff elements for the first year of supply and the prices for the second and third years determined according to the offered formulas, ensuring that the ratio between tariff elements for the second and third years remains the same as in the first year.

2. Conditions for Participation in the Public Bidding Process

The right to participate in the public bidding process under this public announcement is granted to any domestic or foreign company, legal entity, or entrepreneur (hereinafter: Bidder) that:

  1. meets the conditions for electricity supply in Montenegro, the Energy Community, or an EU member state;
  2. is registered for electricity supply activities with the competent authority;
  3. has fulfilled tax obligations in its country of residence;
  4. has a representative who has not been convicted of abuse of office, organized crime with elements of corruption, money laundering, or fraud, making them unsuitable for the position;
  5. meets financial capability requirements, having an average annual gross revenue exceeding €50 million (or equivalent in another currency) for three business years (2021, 2022, and 2023);
  6. meets technical and staffing requirements for electricity supply operations, including:
  • at least 50 employees;
  • an information system for calculation, invoicing, and billing to end customers for electricity consumption;

7. has engaged in electricity supply operations for at least three calendar years (2022, 2023, and 2024), with an annual supply volume of no less than 1,500 GWh;

8. can contract electricity purchases or possesses generation capacities of at least 1,000 GWh;

9. has provided a bid bond in the amount of €25,000, payable on first demand, without objection, in the format specified in the Tender Documentation, or proof of a cash deposit of the same amount.

The bid bond or cash deposit must be valid for 120 days from the bid submission deadline.

3. Criteria for Bid Evaluation

Bids are evaluated and ranked based on the following criteria:

CriterionPoints
Offered electricity price0-50
Financial capability of the bidder0-20
Supply security0-20
– Ability to secure electricity supply0-10
– Share of electricity from own sources0-10
Contribution to environmental protection0-10

 

4. Purchase of Tender Documentation

The bidder has the right to participate in the public bidding process provided they purchase the Tender Documentation. The Ministry issues a confirmation of purchase and maintains a registry of purchasers. The Tender Documentation price is €1,500 and must be paid to the Budget Account of Montenegro: 832-1005-92, with the reference “Purchase of Tender Documentation for the Selection of the Supplier of Last Resort and Vulnerable Customers for Electricity Supply.”

5. Submission of Bids

Bids must be submitted in Montenegrin. If documents are in a foreign language, a certified translation must be included.

Bids must be submitted to: Ministry of Energy Rimski trg 46, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro

The deadline for submission is March 14, 2025, by 12:00 PM.

6. Contact Information

For additional information, bidders may contact: Maja Pavićević, email: maja.pavicevic@men.gov.me

7. Bid Opening

Bids will be opened by the Commission for Bid Opening and Evaluation on March 14, 2025, at 1:00 PM at the Ministry’s premises in Podgorica.

8. Amendments to the Public Announcement

Amendments to this announcement will be published in the same manner as the original announcement.

The Ministry of Energy 

Baltic States Synchronize Power Grids with the EU and Leave the Russian System

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Thomas)

On their path to full energy independence from Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have successfully synchronized their power grids with the European continental network (CEN). By doing so, the Baltic states have disconnected from the Russian BRELL system, significantly strengthening their energy security and geopolitical position within the European Union.

The synchronization initiative has received substantial support from the EU’s Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) program—over 1.2 billion euros in grants since 2014, according to WindEurope.

A key element of this synchronization is the Harmony Link interconnector between Lithuania and Poland, which enables the integration of the Baltic states into the European grid and increases capacity for renewable energy transmission. Although these countries were already connected to the European power network, additional investments in interconnectors will optimize electricity flows, reduce prices, and ensure a stable energy supply.

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These three countries have achieved remarkable results in transitioning to renewable energy sources. In 2018, they generated more than 60 percent of their electricity from fossil fuels, whereas today, 72 percent of their energy comes from renewables. Wind energy accounts for 28 percent of the total electricity consumption, and its importance will further grow following the disconnection from the Russian system.

All three states are holding auctions for the construction of onshore and offshore wind farms, using simple auctions with Contracts for Difference (CfD), in line with EU recommendations. In addition, they are implementing innovative solutions. Estonia is deploying new radar systems that reduce interference from wind farms, expanding the available area for wind park construction from 10 percent to over 60 percent of the country’s territory. Meanwhile, Latvia has accelerated the issuance of environmental permits for its first 400 MW of onshore wind farms, with additional projects planned in state-owned forests. Lithuania is exploring new ways to electrify industries using wind energy.

Energy portal

India Sets Ambitious Goals: 500 GW of Clean Energy by 2030

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Bru-nO)

India has set ambitious goals for energy transition and strengthening energy security. According to data from the organization EMBER, the Union Budget 2025 marks the third budget within a 25-year strategy leading up to the 100th anniversary of India’s independence.

India gained independence in 1947, and in 2022, it began a long-term development period extending to 2047, aiming to become an economically strong, energy-independent, and environmentally sustainable country.

As part of these efforts, India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. This goal involves the simultaneous development of the economy and the implementation of measures for a clean and sustainable future.

The country is focusing on diversifying its energy mix by expanding solar and wind energy capacities, building energy storage infrastructure, and increasing the use of electric vehicles. Additionally, decarbonizing heavy industry and developing India’s carbon market have gained increasing importance in recent years.

One of the key targets is reaching 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030. As of December 2024, the total installed capacity from non-fossil sources was 225.8 GW. The largest share of this capacity comes from solar energy, with 97.9 GW, followed by wind energy with 48.2 GW, hydro energy with 46.9 GW, and nuclear energy with 8.2 GW.

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Union Budget 2025

The Union Budget 2025 will focus on long-term energy security, plans to expand nuclear capacity to 100 GW by 2047, and, as reported by EMBER, will emphasize domestic production of key components such as solar cells, batteries, and wind turbines. Micro, small, and medium enterprises have been recognized as the main drivers of the country’s development path.

Another significant decision is the removal of import duties on cobalt powder, waste lithium-ion batteries, and other critical minerals to support India’s recycling industry. By eliminating costs on key raw materials from waste, the budget aims to reduce costs for secondary raw material producers and encourage investment in the recycling of critical minerals.

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (distelAPPArath)

Additionally, in January 2025, the National Mission for Critical Minerals was launched with a budget of INR 34,300 million (approximately 380 million euros) over seven years to build a resilient value chain for resources essential to green technologies.

Regarding nuclear energy, Budget 2025 sets a target of adding 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047. Achieving this goal will require legislative reforms, particularly regarding the inclusion of the private sector.

Currently, India has 8.2 GW of nuclear capacity, accounting for 2.6 percent of total electricity production. The country plans to introduce five small modular reactors (SMRs) by 2033 and an additional 7 GW of capacity by 2031.

Previous Union Budgets have focused on different segments of this transition. The 2022 Budget was dedicated to domestic solar equipment production, while the 2023 Budget introduced incentives for energy storage and the development of the green hydrogen industry. Finally, the 2024 Budget primarily addressed offshore wind farms, subsidies for rooftop solar panels, and support for critical minerals.

Katarina Vuinac

How Air Pollution Affects Our Cognitive Abilities

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Macau Photo Agency)

A recent study by scientists from the University of Birmingham and the University of Manchester has revealed that even short-term exposure to high concentrations of air pollution particles (PM) can negatively impact cognitive functions, making it harder to focus, recognize emotions, and make decisions. These findings further confirm the growing concerns about the harmful effects of air pollution on human health.

Researchers conducted an experiment in which participants were exposed to high levels of air pollution using candle smoke or stayed in a clean-air environment. Before and after exposure, participants underwent tests measuring working memory, selective attention, emotion recognition, psychomotor speed, and sustained attention.

The results showed that selective attention and the ability to recognize emotions were significantly reduced in those exposed to polluted air, while working memory did not show significant changes. This suggests that certain cognitive functions may be more resilient to short-term exposure to pollution.

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Social and Economic Consequences

Co-author of the study, Professor Francis Pope from the University of Birmingham, emphasized that poor air quality undermines intellectual development and worker productivity, leading to serious economic and social consequences.

„In a high-tech world that increasingly relies on cognitive excellence, reduced productivity due to air pollution could have long-term negative effects on economic growth”, said Pope.

Dr. Thomas Faherty, also from the University of Birmingham, pointed out that even short-term exposure to polluted air can make everyday activities more difficult, such as grocery shopping, decision-making, or maintaining concentration at work.

The study is the first to experimentally manipulate PM particle inhalation, providing valuable insights into how pollution affects cognitive functions. Researchers stress the need for further investigation into the long-term consequences of pollution on the brain, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly.

A Global Problem and the Need for Regulations

Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental risks to human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), PM 2.5 particles are responsible for approximately 4.2 million deaths annually. Besides affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, there is increasing evidence linking them to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

The WHO recommends that PM 2.5 concentrations should not exceed 15 µg/m³ daily and 5 µg/m³ annually. However, in many urban areas, these values far exceed recommended limits, highlighting the urgent need for stricter air quality regulations and public health measures to mitigate the harmful effects of pollution on the brain and overall population health.

Milena Maglovski

Challenges in Implementing ESG Principles

Photo-illustration: Pexels (Arthur Ogleznev)

In recent years, there has been increasing discussion about sustainable business practices and integrating ESG principles into the business models of entrepreneurs and companies. While awareness of the importance of sustainability is growing, the implementation of ESG principles in Serbia is still in its developmental phase, with many entrepreneurs facing challenges in adapting to new market demands. As the global economy demands responsible business practices, the pressure on entrepreneurs to adopt sustainable practices is increasing, raising the question of accelerating the integration of ESG factors into business operations.

Although entrepreneurs in Serbia recognize the importance of sustainable business practices, implementing ESG principles remains challenging, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and traditional industries. Large companies, especially those involved in exports, are quicker to adopt these standards, while smaller entrepreneurs face obstacles such as a lack of expertise and high initial costs. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia (PKS) plays a crucial role in advising entrepreneurs on ESG standards, organizing training sessions, and providing legal guidance. Despite recognizing the importance of ESG factors, further investment in specialization and capacity building is needed for more efficient implementation among entrepreneurs.

“One of the key steps has been the establishment of the Responsible Business Hub, a customer service initiative that helps entrepreneurs better understand EU market demands and align with ESG-related legislation. Through creating an ESG glossary, translation of key regulations, and training sessions for entrepreneurs, PKS provides essential support in understanding market demands and new legislative obligations,” explains Tanja Lindell from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia.

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Photo: PKS

Legislative changes in Serbia will undoubtedly move toward alignment with global and EU regulations regarding ESG standards. Although the current legislative framework is not sufficiently developed, there is a clear need to introduce new legal frameworks to ensure better environmental protection, enhance social responsibility, and improve governance practices. This includes aligning domestic legislation with human rights protection, working conditions, occupational safety, and better governance, particularly regarding transparency and ethical business practices.

Moreover, it is essential to educate entrepreneurs and provide adequate support for implementing ESG principles. Financial incentives and tax reliefs should also facilitate the transition to green business models. To accelerate the green transformation, appropriate subsidies, training, and advisory services must be provided to entrepreneurs, who should also be encouraged to find innovative solutions that will enable them to become more competitive in global markets.

“Entrepreneurs, especially those engaged in exports, recognize the need for sustainable business practices, although many still hesitate due to challenges such as high initial costs and lack of awareness. Sectors like energy, agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation show the greatest potential for green transformation, as the prerequisites for introducing green technologies are already in place“, adds Tanja Lindell.

Prepared by Milica Radičević

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

Electric Wallpaper: An Innovation Changing the Way Homes Are Heated

Photo: AI (ChatGPT)

Energy efficiency is being applied in numerous ways, from building insulation and LED lighting to high-energy-class electrical appliances. A company based in Romsey, Hampshire, has developed an innovative solution that could further contribute to the decarbonization of homes and the reduction of energy costs. This solution is electric wallpaper, designed to replace traditional gas heating systems.

The secret behind the efficiency of this heating wallpaper lies in copper strips enriched with graphene or carbon, forming a very thin, electrically conductive surface capable of emitting infrared heat. Unlike conventional radiators, which first heat the air in a room, the infrared heat emitted by this wallpaper works similarly to sunlight – it does not directly heat the air but instead warms surfaces, objects, and people, creating a pleasant feeling of warmth.

These wallpapers are installed on ceilings, and their energy efficiency is confirmed by the fact that they require only one to three minutes to heat a space. NextGen Heating, the company behind this technology, highlights additional benefits. The wallpapers help reduce moisture and mold, improving indoor air quality.

Aside from energy efficiency benefits, questions have been raised regarding the environmental footprint of this system throughout its life cycle. Since the project is still in the pilot phase, initial assessments suggest that materials such as graphene and copper can be recycled, reducing waste. However, certain aspects still require further analysis, such as the amount of energy needed for the production of electric wallpaper.

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Pilot Project in Glasgow

Last year, the University of Glasgow, the University of Strathclyde, the West of Scotland Housing Association (WSHA), and Glasgow City Council, with financial support from Scotland Beyond Net Zero—a coalition of climate and sustainability experts from Scottish universities—launched a pilot project in Glasgow to test the efficiency of electric wallpaper. The pilot project is being conducted in 12 residential properties within traditional housing buildings.

The University of Glasgow reported that homes in Scotland are among the oldest in the world and the worst insulated in Europe. Heating buildings contributes to as much as 36% of total carbon emissions in Scotland and across the UK. Additionally, data shows that the average home in this region loses heat up to three times faster than homes in many European countries. Furthermore, 84 percent of households rely on central heating systems powered by fossil fuels.

Given these factors, Scotland introduced a new heating standard for new buildings last year, requiring them to incorporate environmentally friendly heating systems. This highlights the importance of the pilot project, which, if proven successful, could further evolve towards large-scale production.

Although the pilot project is still ongoing, initial results indicate that residents have responded positively.

Katarina Vuinac

Sustainability Solutions Tailored by ABB

Photo: ABB
Photo: ABB

In a world where business success often conflicts with ecological challenges, ABB provides an inspiring example of how responsible business practices can go hand in hand with environmental preservation. Through innovative solutions, ABB has combined sustainability with the latest technological achievements, enabling industries, the energy sector, and transportation to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency drastically.

We discussed the objectives and strategies that justify ABB’s status as a leader in energy efficiency with Sandra Vidal, Lead Sustainability Manager, ABB Motion Southern Europe, and Milan Jevremović, Local Business Manager at ABB Motion, Serbia.

Q: Can you explain ABB’s commitment to the circular economy in more detail? What steps are you taking to enhance product longevity, recyclability, and efficient resource usage?

Sandra Vidal: ABB’s sustainability agenda fully aligns with the company’s mission. We focus on three pillars: enabling a low-carbon society, conserving resources, and advancing social progress, reduce waste, protect water and biodiversity, and use land responsibly. Regarding the circular economy pillar, our goal is reduce waste, protect water and biodiversity, and use land responsibly. To achieve this, we strive to incorporate circularity principles across all product lifecycle stages, from design and procurement to production, use, and responsible end-of-life management. ABB aims to ensure that at least 80 percent of our product and solution portfolio adheres to circularity principles and to eliminate landfill waste wherever possible between 2020 and 2030. Additionally, we support our clients in improving their circular economy practices through technologies such as retrofitting services, take-back and recycling programs, and ABB’s product and solution portfolio.

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Q: ABB assists clients in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and is dedicated to lowering its emissions through Science Based Targets (SBTi). Could you briefly explain this initiative and how ABB aligns its operations with its principles?

Sandra Vidal: Enabling a low-carbon society is the first pillar of ABB’s sustainability agenda, reflecting our commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and partnering with clients to avoid emissions. To this end, we set stringent net-zero targets aligned with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi). International recognition and validation of our goals lend credibility, underscoring our dedication to climate action and our role in addressing urgent challenges climate change poses. As science evolves, SBTi will adapt, and we will continue collaborating with the scientific community to ensure our targets are impactful and relevant.

Q: How much have your clients managed to reduce or avoid carbon dioxide emissions thanks to ABB technologies? Could you share examples from the region?

Milan Jevremović: Our clients must consistently maintain high-performance levels while meeting demanding market goals. They must be more productive, efficient, and sustainable. And now, I must say, they need to be ‘leaner and cleaner’ —and we are here to help them achieve that. ABB has actively participated in numerous local activities and projects across various sectors, particularly in Southern Europe. Let me highlight a few examples: We have collaborated with a leading energy company in Sweden to avoid approximately 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually by implementing ABB’s smart grid solutions and renewable energy integration systems. In Serbia, we have been involved in several projects in the energy sector. One significant example is the Bajina Bašta Hydropower Plant. Installing a static freQuency converter has enhanced the efficiency of RHE Bajina Bašta in multiple aspects. In the construction sector, I would highlight smart home systems implemented in a new residential complex in Novi Dorćol. In the data center sector, the Data Center in Kragujevac serves as an excellent example of how ABB smart power solutions significantly improved efficiency and contributed to the overall performance of the data center.

From the region, a recent example from Hungary stands out: we delivered our high-efficiency IE5 synchronous reluctance motors and drive packages to modernize pump applications for the GlaxoSmithKline vaccine plant. This modernization significantly improved energy efficiency, with the investment expected to pay off in just two years. In Bulgaria, we carried out a significant project at a factory Aurubis where we had a three-year agreement to enhance the energy efficiency of the entire plant. This involved over 800 high-efficiency motors and drives, enabling the metal factory to operate more efficiently. Looking ahead, our plans include expanding efforts in green hydrogen production. These initiatives reflect ABB’s commitment to innovation and demonstrate our determination to meet current environmental standards while setting new benchmarks to ensure a greener future.

Interview by Milena Maglovski

The inteview was published in the Energy portal Magazine RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

Belgium Reverses Its Nuclear Phase-Out Policy

Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Dan Meyers)

For many years, Belgium maintained a ban on the construction of new nuclear reactors and pursued a policy of gradually phasing out and shutting down all nuclear units. However, over time, there have been amendments and extensions to the operational lifespan of certain reactors.

The country currently operates five nuclear reactors: Doel units 1, 2, and 4, as well as Tihange units 1 and 3, with a total capacity of approximately 4 GW.

The current Belgian government is planning to change its nuclear energy phase-out policy. A new political direction has announced its intention to extend the operation of two existing reactors for an additional ten years, following the previously agreed ten-year extension in 2023. Furthermore, the government has expressed interest in building entirely new reactors.

As part of the new energy strategy, the focus will be on investments in renewable energy sources, nuclear energy development, and achieving a low-carbon energy mix. To implement this strategy, it is necessary to swiftly lift the existing ban on the construction of new nuclear capacities and take all necessary measures to extend the operational lifespan of reactors that meet safety standards, particularly Doel 4 and Tihange 3.

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According to the plan announced by Belgium’s coalition government in December 2021, the Doel 3 reactor was shut down in September 2022, and Tihange 2 followed at the end of January 2023. Initially, Doel 4 and Tihange 3 were scheduled for closure by 2025. However, in December 2023, due to geopolitical circumstances, the decision was revised, and Belgium finalized plans to extend the lifespan of Doel 4 and Tihange 3 for ten years, securing a stable energy capacity of 2 GW, as reported by World Nuclear News.

The government also plans to build an additional 4 GW of capacity, as emphasized by the Minister of Energy, who added that the construction of small modular reactors (SMRs) alone will not be sufficient.

Discussions about nuclear reactors in Belgium had subsided following the initial agreements on a gradual nuclear phase-out. However, circumstances have changed due to the growing need for stable and low-carbon energy sources in the context of global energy and climate challenges.

Energy portal

Solar Chimney – A Modern Solution Inspired by the Ancient Egyptian Cooling System

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (CALIN STAN)

Today, in a world where technology allows us to control almost everything with just the press of a button, it is hard to imagine how our ancestors managed to survive without cooling and heating systems or other devices that are now an essential part of our daily lives. We take for granted the ability to adjust the temperature in our homes at any moment, whether it’s the harsh winter or the scorching summer heat. Air conditioning has become a standard, seamlessly blending into our everyday routines.

However, when we take a closer look at global climate change, it becomes clear that this technology, although convenient, is not without its drawbacks. Cooling and heating devices significantly contribute to increased electricity consumption, which is still largely generated from sources that pollute our air and enhance the greenhouse effect. This reality presents us with a challenge: how to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures while remaining energy-efficient and environmentally responsible?

As awareness of sustainability grows, the demand for eco-friendly solutions in the construction industry is increasing. Among the innovative techniques gaining traction, solar chimneys stand out as an efficient and environmentally friendly way to regulate building temperatures. As a passive system, a solar chimney harnesses solar energy for natural heating and cooling without requiring electrical devices such as fans or motors.

Its operating principle is quite simple. The chimney absorbs sunlight thanks to its dark-colored surface, which maximizes solar energy absorption. During heating periods, the upper opening of the chimney remains closed, trapping warm air inside and allowing it to distribute throughout the building. On the other hand, during hot summer months, the warm air escapes through the chimney openings, while fresh air enters the building, creating a natural air circulation system. This process can reduce indoor temperatures by up to 8°C.

While many, especially younger generations, may think that cooling devices are a product of modern technology, let’s take a step back in time. More than 2,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians developed a similar principle for cooling their homes. Their buildings were designed with openings and vertical channels that enabled natural air circulation. Through these channels, cooler air entered the living spaces while warm air exited, creating a pleasant atmosphere even during the hottest summer days.

Today, solar chimneys represent a modern interpretation of the ancient Egyptian principle of natural cooling. Although the fundamental concept—using ventilation and airflow to regulate temperature—remains the same, solar chimneys incorporate solar energy, enabling not only cooling but also efficient space heating.

Katarina Vuinac

OECD Report Highlights Global Disparity in Wind Energy Support

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Ryan Duffy)

In April 2024 the European Commission opened an investigation into Chinese suppliers of wind turbines under the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR). The Commission suspects unfair competition is taking place. With sweeping powers that range from requiring the disclosure of documents to the cancellation of signed contracts, the ongoing FSR investigation aims to ensure a level playing between European and non-European manufacturers of wind turbines.

What the OECD report finds

Company-level data collected by the OECD indicates that China-headquartered manufacturers are the largest recipients of government subsidisation. They benefit from grants, tax concessions and below-market financing from Chinese state-owned banks. This goes far beyond what is offered in Europe. These policies have contributed to China’s rapid expansion in wind turbine manufacturing capacity.

The chart on the right provides total subsidies as a share of company revenues for organisations in China compared to OECD countries.

“The European wind industry is not against competition. But that competition must be fair. Otherwise we risk delaying not only the European energy transition but also the global transition from happening due to a race to the bottom. It’s an unnecessary distraction and no one will benefit from that”, said Phil Cole, Director of Industrial Affairs at WindEurope.

As a result of those generous subsidies, China’s growing manufacturing overcapacity has led to intense price competition and market distortion concerns. Additionally Chinese manufacturers have been offering deferred payment terms beyond those that OECD-based manufacturers are able to offer.

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (distelAPPArath)

This risks stopping Europe’s well-established wind energy manufacturing industry from functioning effectively and jeopardises the supply of components and materials that are required to deliver the energy transition.

“We cannot allow China’s overcapacity issues to distort Europe’s established market for wind energy. Without European manufacturing and a strong European supply chain, we lose our ability to produce the equipment we need – and ultimately risk our energy and national security”, continued Cole.

China also dominates the supply of rare earth minerals which are crucial for the manufacturing of permanent magnets as well as raw materials such as glass fibre rovings. This is demonstrated by 70 percent of the country’s rare earth materials output being controlled by one single state-owned enterprise, the China Rare Earth Corporation.

This gives China a near monopoly in the supply of those rare earth materials, putting Chinese manufacturers at a competitive advantage. The OECD report finds that the cost of materials used in the production of wind turbines in OECD countries is almost 40 percent higher than those used in China.

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Europe’s Response: The Net Zero Industry Act

Europe wants to strengthen its domestic clean-tech manufacturing base. In 2024 the European Commission introduced the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA), aiming to boost EU wind turbine manufacturing capacity to 36 GW by 2030.

Europe is on track to reach this target. Currently the European wind industry is investing more than 11 billion euros to expand existing factories and/or build new ones. But we must continue to implement the NZIA at pace to ensure that Europe is not leaving itself vulnerable to further market distortions. We must also accelerate the diversification of our raw material supply chains, promote innovation and streamline permitting processes to offer the pipeline of orders that Europe’s supply chain needs.

The success of the European wind manufacturing industry demands global cooperation, respect for market dynamics and the rule of international trade law. Moving forward, European policymakers must ensure global trade fairness that works for all.

Source: WindEnergy

Where Is The Global Climate Fight Leading Us?

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Louis-Maniquet)
Photo-illustration: Pixabay (unitea)

Climate change has been identified as one of the most serious challenges the world is currently facing. Its gravity was recognized long ago, as evidenced by the first United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP1), held in 1995 in Berlin. Since then, 29 conferences have taken place, yielding numerous vital agreements and decisions. Among these, the Paris Agreement stands out, adopted by 196 countries at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris. The key goal of the agreement is to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of this century. This objective has become the cornerstone of all subsequent conferences, including this year’s COP29, held in November in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.

The following text highlights some of the most significant decisions and achievements from this year’s conference.

Climate Financing

Climate financing, a critical topic during previous conferences, was prioritized at this year’s event. On the first day, Mukhtar Babayev, President of COP29, warned that current policies are leading to global warming of 3°C, which would have severe consequences. He emphasized the importance of achieving the New Collective Quantified Goal for climate financing (NCQG), which would set the financial contributions from developed countries to support developing nations. Babayev urged countries to update their climate contributions and national adaptation plans by 2025.

By the third day, the first draft decision on the NCQG was published, and by the end of the conference, discussions were facilitated to reach a final agreement.

Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) announced annual financial contributions of 120 billion dollars for low- and middle-income countries by 2030, including 42 billion dollars for adaptation and 65 billion dollars from the private sector. For high-income countries, 50 billion dollars was allocated, with seven billion dollars designated for adaptation and an additional 65 billion dollars mobilized from the private sector.

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Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Zhang-qc)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has launched a program for sustainable water use and food security in Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and Pakistan to address the impact of glacier melting. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) supports the program, including risk assessments in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It plans to mobilize up to 3.5 billion dollars to support sustainable agriculture, water resources, and vulnerable communities in mountainous areas.

Azerbaijan’s banking sector has announced an allocation of 1.2 billion dollars by 2030 to support green and sustainable projects, aiming to transition the country to a low-carbon economy.

The most significant success in climate financing at COP29 is the full operationalization of the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage, which is now ready to receive contributions. The Fund’s establishment was agreed upon during COP27, and the first projects are expected to be funded in 2025. To date, pledged financial support exceeds 730 million dollars, with funds earmarked for small island states, least developed countries, and African nations.

Declarations and Initiatives Launched at COP29

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (nattanan23)

The opening days of the Conference were marked by the adoption of the Baku Declaration on Amplifying SIDS’ Voice. The declaration highlights the severity of climate change and its disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups, particularly small island developing states (SIDS). It calls for urgent action and robust international support to strengthen SIDS’ resilience to climate change and ensure a sustainable future.

The COP29 Presidency launched the Declaration on Reducing Methane from Organic Waste, supported by over 30 countries, including Serbia. The signatories, accounting for 47 percent of global methane emissions from this source, committed to setting sector-specific targets in future Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This decision is critical to achieving the goals of the Global Methane Pledge initiated at COP26 in 2021, which aims to reduce at least 30 percent below 2020 levels by 2030.

Another significant moment was the launch of the Baku Call for Climate Action for Peace, Assistance, and Recovery (BCCAP), which aims to address the urgent links between climate change, conflict, and humanitarian needs. This initiative responds to the growing recognition that the adverse effects of climate change – such as water scarcity, food insecurity, land degradation, displacement, and livelihood disruptions – contribute to conflict and instability, particularly in vulnerable regions.

The Baku Climate and Peace Action Hub was established as part of the initiative. This platform coordinates activities to support the most vulnerable communities affected by climate and conflict-related crises.

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

NIS Submits Official Request for Postponement of U.S. Sanctions

Photo-illustration: Freepik (freepik)

The Petroleum Industry of Serbia (NIS) has officially submitted a request for the postponement of sanctions to the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Ministry of Mining and Energy announced.

The statement notes that the request, supported by the governments of Serbia and Hungary, pertains to obtaining general or specific licenses that would allow NIS to maintain its operations while a suitable solution for ownership structure and management is sought. The goal is to ensure that the company, which is of regional and strategic importance for energy stability, continues to operate.

The Serbian government supports the request for such a permit for NIS, as sanctions would undermine the company’s ability to supply the citizens of Serbia with oil and petroleum products.

“Given the importance of NIS for both the Serbian and regional economies, we urgently request OFAC to consider immediate relief in the form of a postponement of sanctions for at least 90 days, while a sustainable solution leading to the lifting of sanctions is explored,” the statement said.

The Ministry of Mining and Energy recalls that U.S. officials have repeatedly emphasized that the sanctions are not directed against Serbia or its citizens.

“In line with this, we hope for a constructive continuation of the dialogue to avoid jeopardizing Serbia’s energy stability, as well as that of the entire region,” the statement added.

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NIS in 2024: Increased Investments, Weaker Financial Results, but Stable Operations

In the last quarter of 2024, the main priority for NIS was maintaining stability in the domestic petroleum derivatives market and completing one of the largest investment cycles in the company’s history. A total of 53.2 billion dinars was invested in development projects, marking a 36 percent increase compared to 2023, according to the company’s Q4 2024 report.

Despite the major overhaul of the Pančevo Oil Refinery and unfavorable market conditions, NIS achieved stable operational results. Crude oil and gas production in the fourth quarter reached 290 thousand conditional tons, while crude oil refining volumes increased by 5 percent compared to the previous year. Sales of petroleum products grew by 7 percent.

On the other hand, financial indicators declined compared to 2023. NIS Group’s net profit amounted to 10.1 billion dinars, a 77 percent decrease, while EBITDA fell by 35 percent. Tax and other public revenue obligations increased by 7 percent, reaching 260.5 billion dinars.

During 2024, NIS successfully completed its first corporate bond issuance, further diversifying its sources of financing and reducing bank exposure. Additionally, the company continued its energy transition efforts by installing solar power plants at 45 gas stations and at the “Jazak” water production facility. As part of the “Together for the Community” program, NIS supported 40 solar power plant construction projects across 13 cities and municipalities.

Energy portal

EU Helps Moldova Address Energy Crisis

Photo-illustration: Freepik (freepik)

The Moldovan government declared a state of emergency in mid-December 2024 to respond to the energy crisis caused by the disruption of Russian gas supplies. This decision came as a result of difficulties arising after the five-year agreement for the transit of Russian gas through Ukraine was not renewed. The hardest hit was the de facto breakaway region of Transnistria, a traditionally dependent area that previously received affordable or even free Russian gas through Ukraine.

Although internationally unrecognized, Transnistria has functioned separately from Moldova since the early 1990s. For years, Transnistria relied on Russian gas as the key driver of its fragile economy. Meanwhile, Moldova has managed to diversify its previous dependence on Russian energy sources, while Transnistria has remained almost entirely reliant on Russian supplies.

A particular challenge lies in the fact that Moldova’s largest gas-fired power plant is located in Transnistria and supplies energy to the rest of the country. When Russia officially cut off all gas supplies to Transnistria in early January 2025, citing unpaid debts and the halt of gas transit through Ukraine, Moldova’s overall energy stability was put at risk. The Transnistrian power plant switched to coal, but electricity production was insufficient to meet the needs of both the region itself and the rest of Moldova.

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To mitigate the crisis, the Moldovan government launched an operation to redirect gas to Transnistria, which has been facing severe issues with heating, hot water, and power outages since January. Facing the Russian supply cut-off via Ukraine, officials in Chișinău requested financial assistance from the European Union. The EU approved €30 million in emergency funding for gas procurement in Transnistria, aiming to prevent further deepening of the energy crisis and political tensions in the region.

Measures to counter the crisis have been approved, with the allocated gas supply to the region not exceeding three million cubic meters per day. According to the plan, Transnistria is expected to receive this supply until at least February 10, with financial assistance and gas purchases supported by the EU. This has temporarily restored essential services for approximately half a million residents in the area.

On January 1, Russia’s Gazprom completely halted gas deliveries to Transnistria, citing a debt dispute with Moldova’s pro-European government in Chișinău and the halt of gas transit through Ukraine as key reasons. As Gazprom refused to consider alternative supply routes, Moldova had to act swiftly, with EU support, to find a solution for residents facing an unprecedented energy crisis.

For now, temporary energy supply has been secured through joint efforts by Moldova and the EU, helping Transnistria’s population avoid the worst consequences during the harsh winter months.

Energy portal

Choose the Right Path to the Electric Future

Photo: Charge&GO
Photo: Charge&GO

People are constantly looking for ways to save. Although we often hesitate to invest significant funds if the return period is long, electric vehicles—which will gradually become more accessible—prove to be an option that offers advantages even when considering short-term effects. In our region, there is still skepticism toward electric vehicles, often supported by the usual tendency of people to look for and absorb only information that confirms their original and, of course, always correct opinion.

Therefore, a handful of arguments such as ‘there are not enough chargers for all users’ or ‘electric vehicles are not practical for long journeys’ often overshadow the numerous advantages, like reduced noise and pollution, savings on charging compared to fuel costs, and other benefits. It is precisely these kinds of established arguments that Charge&GO, a company that has been developing a network of chargers and supporting electric vehicle drivers in Serbia for years, whether they are local drivers or transit users, aims to address. The invested effort is paying off – the number of charging sessions has increased from just a few dozen in 2020 to tens of thousands in 2024.

Due to its regenerative braking function, an electric car is a lifesaver for those regularly stuck in city traffic. When we also consider highly volatile fuel prices and the announcements from the relevant ministry about all the benefits expected for electric car owners – such as lower tolls and free parking – the savings would indeed be evident with every kilometer traveled. While there is still plenty of room to improve infrastructure, regulations, and other aspects, it cannot be denied that Serbia is making great strides towards electromobility.

If we consider fuel prices, which are very unstable, and the announcements of the relevant ministry about all the benefits awaiting electric car owners – such as lower tolls and free parking- the savings would be evident on every kilometer of the road. Although there is a lot of room for improving infrastructure, regulations, and other issues, the fact that Serbia is making great strides towards electromobility cannot be denied.

IN FOCUS:

Easier Driving with the Charge&GO App

Charge&GO offers a solution that eliminates the worry of having enough funds in your account when recharging your vehicle’s battery. With over 4,500 users, their app allows for easy and efficient charging management. Thanks to integration with the largest e-roaming platform, users can create an account on the platform and gain access to a network of 400,000 chargers across Europe. After registration, users can enjoy specific benefits and better charging prices.

Chargers can be easily located via the map on the app, where users can check availability, connector type, and prices. Payment is automatically processed from the user’s account after entering the payment card. There is an option for one-time payments for those who do not wish to register. Additionally, Charge&GO’s customer support is available 24/7 for any questions or issues.

Call for Proposals and Collaboration

The Charge&GO company invites interested parties to submit proposals for new charger locations via the e-mail address elektropunjaci@ chargego.rs and request offers for the integration of their chargers into the Charge&GO platform.

Additionally, the company offers installation of chargers on a turnkey basis, whether AC or DC models. The expert team conducts an on-site evaluation, assesses the location, and handles the entire project – from planning to installation. For anyone who is not sure how to start the charging process or has any doubts, Charge&GO engineers are available to provide answers to all questions.

Whether at gas stations, business premises, hotels, or home setups, Charge&GO provides solutions tailored to users’ needs and capacities. By constantly expanding the network, the company is working to overcome misconceptions and make e-mobility a practical and accessible option for everyone. With its efforts, Charge&GO enables users to enjoy the everyday benefits of electric driving.

Prepared by Milica Vučković

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

World Wetlands Day – Wetlands Are More Important Than We Think

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (jordan-whitfield)
Photo-illustration: Unsplash (brecht-denil)

World Wetlands Day is observed on February 2, marking the anniversary of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, signed in 1971. Every year on this day, the importance of these ecosystems is highlighted. Although wetlands cover just over 6 percent of the Earth’s land surface, they provide a habitat for 40 percent of all plant and animal species.

Wetlands are among the most efficient natural carbon storage systems. In low-oxygen conditions, plants in wetlands absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis but decompose slowly, trapping carbon in the soil. However, climate change (droughts, floods) can disrupt this process by drying out wetlands and releasing large amounts of CO₂ into the atmosphere.

Wetlands are often mistakenly perceived as barren and useless land, yet they play a crucial role: they absorb excess water during heavy rainfall, reducing the risk of floods, while gradually releasing water during dry periods. They filter and purify water, provide shelter for rare and endangered species of plants, birds, and fish, and prevent soil erosion by stabilizing shorelines and reducing land runoff.

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Photo-illustration: Unsplash (jeffrey-eisen)

However, wetlands are the most endangered ecosystems on Earth—since 1970, 35 percent of wetland areas have been lost, while some estimates indicate that more than one-third of the world’s wetlands have disappeared in the past 50 years. The causes are numerous: agricultural expansion, urbanization, pollution, climate change, and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. More than a billion people—approximately one in eight worldwide—directly depend on wetlands for agriculture, fishing, or tourism, meaning their disappearance threatens livelihoods as well.

Wetlands are found on every continent except Antarctica and, although they cover a small portion of the Earth’s surface, they play a vital role in climate stability, biodiversity, and human well-being. The latest data on their accelerated loss highlight the urgent need for their conservation and restoration. With better education, stricter protection measures, and increased awareness, wetlands can continue to protect us, provide food, and support sustainable development.

Energy portal

Supporting the Development of Sustainable Solutions

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Marvin Meyer)

The fight to preserve nature demonstrates that true success requires dedication, courage, innovation, and, above all, collective action, as these challenges surpass the capabilities of individuals or single nations. In a world grappling with such challenges, countless ideas are born. Many have the will, knowledge, and concepts that could contribute to solutions, but these often remain unrealized visions due to a lack of necessary support and resources.

This need was recognized in 2011, and the Innovation Fund was established to enhance Serbia’s innovation ecosystem. The Fund provides financial, mentoring, and advisory support to innovative teams, startups, small and medium-sized enterprises, and research organizations that develop new products, technologies, and business models. By fostering collaboration between academia and the business sector and applying ethical and professional standards, the Fund is a key pillar for creating sustainable solutions that change the world.

We spoke with Milena Kostadinović, Special Advisor for International Cooperation at the Innovation Fund, about the Fund’s activities and the importance of the innovations it supports.

From its inception, the Fund has been tasked with driving the development of innovative entrepreneurship by encouraging community funding and enabling the creation of market-ready solutions. The foundations for a dynamic innovation ecosystem have been laid through appropriate financial mechanisms, now encompassing numerous support organizations, developed infrastructure, competitions, and access to diverse funding sources.

IN FOCUS:

The Fund’s support plays a crucial role in fostering economic and social development and improving environmental protection. The innovative projects it finances contribute to economic growth, job creation, increased competitiveness of domestic businesses, and the strengthening of a knowledge-based economy. Innovations in healthcare, education, and digitalization enhance the quality of life. At the same time, the environmental dimension of its support is reflected in the active financing of green technologies and sustainable solutions that reduce negative environmental impacts.

Notably, the Fund independently assesses the environmental and societal impact of all projects submitted for support, regardless of their field, and only supports those without negative impact.

The growing number of applications to their programs confirms the increasing interest in innovation projects in Serbia, particularly in the fields of digital technologies, sustainable solutions, and artificial intelligence.

“These projects have significant potential for entering international markets, further motivating businesses to improve their operations and achieve global success.”

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

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