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A Weekend Dedicated to Cleaning and Greening Serbia

Photo: EP

Recently, we celebrated May 1st – International Workers’ Day – a holiday that many traditionally spend in nature, enjoying barbecues, socializing, and relaxing. However, these gatherings often leave behind waste that mars the beauty of our natural environment. This past weekend, people across Serbia once again spent time outdoors – but this time with a different goal: to clean up the waste we generate every day.

Photo: EP

Organized or independently, diligent hands were active at numerous locations. The initiative ”Roll Up Your Sleeves” helped coordinate clean-up efforts on May 11 at 399 locations in 158 cities and towns. From Palić, Sombor, Kikinda, Bečej, and Zrenjanin, through Novi Sad, Belgrade and its suburbs, to Smederevska Palanka, Topola, Gornji Milanovac, Čačak, Arilje, Kraljevo, Niš, and Vlasotince – these are just some of the participating areas. According to data published on the official “Roll Up Your Sleeves” page, over 20,000 bags of waste were collected.

In Belgrade alone, more than 140 locations were included. The weekend campaign connected participants and inspired long-term thinking – with the hope that such actions will not be isolated events, but part of a daily routine that people will continue to shape themselves.

A positive example comes from Smederevska Palanka, where residents cleaned two streets, multiple green areas, sports fields, and a children’s playground in the Kolonija neighborhood. A group of citizens, organizing under the slogan ”Let’s Clean Kolonija”, has been cleaning the neighborhood every weekend for the past month. This time, several new volunteers joined them thanks to the ”Roll Up Your Sleeves” campaign. One of the participants, Valentina Talijan, said that although they’ve managed to eliminate several long-standing illegal dumps, waste keeps reappearing – which is why their goal is to reach institutions and address the causes, not just the consequences.

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”We also prepared guidelines for our fellow residents on how to properly dispose of waste to help keep the neighborhood clean – we’ll be implementing this action in the coming weeks”, she added.

Photo: EP

A similar spirit was seen in Zemun Polje, where during the campaign, residents spontaneously started discussing future steps to tackle ecological and other local issues – showing that the will is there; it just needs to be activated. As they pointed out, their neighborhood is significantly more polluted than it used to be, and they want to restore the cleanliness and beauty they remember from childhood. Still, for long-term solutions, they emphasize the need for institutional support. In addition to collecting waste, locals cleaned and revitalized the central playground and park – mowing the grass, trimming bushes, and uncovering overgrown benches to make the space pleasant again. The youngest volunteers also contributed by planting flowers.

In the past few days, other cleanup initiatives took place, such as the removal of illegal dumps and the maintenance of picnic areas. Bajina Bašta began preparations for the summer season by organizing activities to tidy up recreational spots across the municipality. Supported by the local government, public utilities, and institutions, major actions were also launched to clean illegal dumps. In Sombor, the public utility company “Čistoća” continued the removal of smaller illegal dumps.

The collective efforts of citizens and organizations across Serbia show that caring for the environment is more than an individual task – it is a shared responsibility that we must continue to build through concrete actions and long-term change.

Energy portal

After the Energy Collapse, a New Debate on the Role of Nuclear Energy in Spain

Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Jakob Madsen)

On April 28, 2025, Spain and Portugal experienced one of the most significant blackouts in their recent history. Within seconds, the power system of the Iberian Peninsula collapsed, leaving millions of people without electricity, water, and in complete darkness. The Ministries of the Interior declared a state of emergency, and the consequences were visible everywhere: halted metro systems in Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon, and Porto, grounded flights at major airports, traffic chaos due to inoperative traffic lights, cancelled medical procedures, and disrupted water supply.

Although most services were restored the following day, one critical question remained: how did such a widespread and simultaneous collapse occur in two technically advanced and interconnected systems? And more importantly – what does this incident reveal about the structure of the energy mix and the future of nuclear energy in Spain?

The Structure of Spain’s Energy System

At the end of 2024, Spain’s total net installed generation capacity reached nearly 129,000 MW. Of that, renewable energy sources accounted for 66 percent of the total capacity. Among them, wind power (23.2 percent), solar power (18.6 percent), and hydropower (13.3 percent) dominate, according to data from the grid operator Red Eléctrica. This mix enables a significant reduction in emissions, but also brings new challenges—particularly regarding grid stability.

Renewable sources lack what is known as inertia—the physical resistance to changes in frequency within the power grid. Unlike conventional power plants with large rotating turbines, wind and solar plants rely on inverters that cannot absorb sudden oscillations, making the grid more vulnerable to disturbances. As these plants dropped offline, the next in line were the nuclear units.

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The Role of Nuclear Energy in the Energy Mix

In this context, the debate on the role of nuclear energy is resurfacing. Spain operates seven nuclear reactors, which together produced nearly 20 percent of the country’s total electricity in 2024.

Due to their large rotating turbines, nuclear power plants contribute to grid stability by maintaining constant frequency and providing so-called baseload power. During the incident, four reactors were operational and shut down automatically when the grid collapsed, in accordance with safety protocols. The other three reactors were offline because Red Eléctrica had requested their temporary shutdown due to an oversupply from renewable sources. This decision is now under scrutiny, as the lack of rotating inertia from nuclear and other conventional sources is considered one of the contributing factors to the instability, according to World Nuclear News.

Back in 2019, Spain adopted a plan to gradually phase out all nuclear reactors by 2035. According to that roadmap, four reactors are scheduled to close by the end of 2030, with the remaining three to follow within the next five years. However, the recent events may change the outlook.

Energy portal

Switzerland Tests Solar System Between Railway Tracks

Photo-illustration: Freepik (rorozoa)

Swiss startup Sun-Ways has officially launched the first removable solar power plant installed between active railway tracks.

This marks a significant step toward full integration of solar technology into railway networks, with the potential for both national and international expansion.

The photovoltaic system spans a 100-meter section of track in the canton of Neuchâtel. The panels were installed using a special machine developed by partner company Scheuchzer, capable of rapidly deploying up to 1,000 square meters of solar panels within just a few hours.

The electrical connections are built directly into the panels, while cleaning is handled by cylindrical brushes mounted on the rear of trains. The electricity generated is 100 percent renewable, with a long-term goal of feeding the energy directly into the train traction system, thereby maximizing on-site consumption during peak daylight hours when traffic is heaviest.

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The system consists of 48 solar modules with a total capacity of 18 kilowatts and is expected to generate around 16,000 kWh of electricity per year.

“By integrating photovoltaic systems into the railway ecosystem, it becomes possible to directly power trains with renewable energy, as well as supply charging stations for electric vehicles – all while reducing CO₂ emissions and increasing the energy independence of a country’s public transport system,” said Sun-Ways in a statement.

The project follows approval from the Swiss Federal Office of Transport (FOT) in 2024, which granted permission to begin testing after a ten-month technical review. The installation represents the first application of this technology under real-world traffic conditions.

The three-year pilot phase will allow Sun-Ways and its partners to gather essential data on system performance and safety. If successful, the system could be expanded across 5,000 kilometers of Switzerland’s railway network.

Energy portal

Solar Energy Leads the Way to Achieving the Goal – Tripling Renewables by 2030

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (mrganso)

In the newly published Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2025–2029 by SolarPower Europe, for the first time, the forecast horizon has been extended to 2030. This moment is recognized as a key turning point in achieving global climate goals, with solar energy emerging as the most significant driver of the transition toward climate neutrality.

At the COP28 conference held in December 2023, more than 130 countries agreed to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030, aiming to reach a total of 11 TW of installed capacity. It is already widely accepted that solar energy will play a leading role in meeting this target.

As previously reported, solar energy achieved remarkable results in 2024, reaching a global installed capacity of 2.2 TW. According to the report’s medium scenario, global solar capacity is expected to exceed 7 TW by 2030. This would mean solar energy would account for around 65 percent of the total capacity targeted at COP28.

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To meet the medium scenario, approximately 800 GW of new solar capacity must be installed annually from now until 2030. While this goal appears highly ambitious, past forecasts have underestimated the pace of development in the solar industry. Capacity growth has exceeded expectations, giving solar power a realistic chance of achieving what currently seems like an extremely challenging goal.

Further opportunity for solar expansion is created by the growing demand for electricity, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, the increasing number of data centers, and the wider adoption of electric vehicles and electric heating. The report emphasizes that this will further increase the need for flexible and cost-competitive energy sources, with solar energy taking center stage.

In addition to market dynamics, government policies will play a crucial role – particularly those that mandate rooftop solar installations as a requirement.

Energy portal

Meet Cork – The Material of the 21st Century

Photo-illustration: Pixabay (Ben-Kerckx)

The planet is rapidly changing, facing challenges such as climate change and the depletion of natural resources. We need solutions that balance economic growth and environmental protection. In the search for better alternatives, the outer bark of the cork oak tree stands out as a versatile material that benefits both nature and industry—known as cork.

Unlike most trees, where the trunk must be cut down to obtain the desired material, the cork oak provides cork without permanent damage. The first harvest is possible only when the tree reaches about 25 years of age, and the highest-quality cork is obtained after the third harvest when the tree is over 40 years old. This cycle is repeated approximately every nine years, and throughout a 200-year lifespan, the tree can undergo about 17 harvests. The process of removing the bark is carried out by skilled professionals who carefully extract it without harming the tree’s vital structure. Over time, the bark regenerates, returning to almost its original state or even improving in quality.

Beyond its ability to regenerate and extend its own lifespan, the cork oak plays a crucial role in combating climate change. Estimates show that cork oak forests worldwide can absorb up to 14 million tons of CO2 annually, helping to reduce the greenhouse effect. Portugal, the country with the largest area of cork oak forests, covering one-third of the world’s total cork oak population, leverages these benefits both economically and environmentally. Portugal is responsible for more than half of global cork production and is the leading cork producer. Over 700 companies in Portugal are directly dependent on this industry, provi – ding thousands of jobs.

For this reason, at the end of 2011, the cork oak was officially declared Portugal’s national tree, even though it has been legally protected since the 13th century.

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Structure and Properties of Cork

The microscopic air chambers within the structure of cork give it excepti – onal lightness and elasticity. In just one cubic centimeter, millions of tiny cells can be filled with air or gases of similar composition, providing cork with thermal and sound insulation properties, moisture resistance, and the ability to slow down the spread of fire. Thanks to these characteri stics, cork is an almost ideal material for various industries—from construction and interior design to technologically advanced sectors such as the automotive and aerospace industries. Cork is even one of the key components in spacecraft precisely because of its outstanding thermal insulation properties, as rockets experience extremely high temperatures during launch.

In recent decades, eco-friendly construction has increasingly recognized cork as a material of the future. Due to its insulating properties, cork boards and tiles are used for flooring, wall coverings, and even in humid environments such as kitchens and bathrooms. While many believe cork is delicate and prone to damage, its elasticity and self-restoring structure often prevent permanent dents. If significant damage does occur, only the damaged segment can be replaced, significantly extending the lifespan of the surface. Additionally, the surface layer of cork hardly retains dust or mites, making it an excellent choice for people prone to allergies and asthma.

For decades, cork has been widely known as the material used for bottle stoppers, but its applications have expanded significantly. In the home appliance industry, cork serves as an excellent thermal and sound insulator. At the same time, properties such as buoyancy and elasticity in marine applications make it ideal for buoys, pontoons, and boat components, where lightweight and water-resistant materials are required.

Prepared by Milica Vučković

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A Mobile Game That Teaches Us About Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Resource Conservation

Photo-illustration: Freepik (frimufilms - AI generated)

Learning doesn’t always have to come from textbooks, nor does it need to be strict, systematic, or imposed. Sometimes the most meaningful lessons are absorbed when we least expect it – while relaxing, having fun, or simply spending time doing what we enjoy most. Lately, I’ve noticed that even popular TV series increasingly weave in environmental messages – subtly, yet clearly enough to inspire reflection. Perhaps this quiet approach is actually one of the most effective ways to transfer knowledge.

We know that children and young people today spend a large part of their free time playing video games. This often sparks debate about their influence – with frequent criticism that games encourage violence, aggression, or passivity. But what if games could also educate and shape awareness – not through strict rules, but through play and enjoyment?

One such game was created as part of the BlueAquaEdu project, funded by the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF). Unlike games where players fight villains like zombies or monsters to become heroes, the battle in BlueAquaEdu is quieter but equally important – here, the player faces bad habits and unsustainable practices developed by humans over years, which have endangered marine life. Instead of weapons, their tools are knowledge, strategy, and ecological awareness. The goal is not to defeat an enemy, but to find the best solutions together with nature – to build a fish farm that doesn’t pollute, overuse resources, or threaten plant and animal life.

But what exactly is a fish farm? It’s a controlled environment where fish are bred for human consumption – a process known as aquaculture. Today, aquaculture accounts for an increasing share of global fish production, but if not properly managed, it can negatively impact the environment – from water pollution and the spread of disease to the endangerment of wild species.

At the beginning of the game, the player is given a small, environmentally unfriendly fish farm, and throughout the game learns how to improve it in the best possible way. The aim is to reduce the environmental impact of aquaculture and minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

This game, which will soon be available, is part of a broader digital educational project focused on developing skills and knowledge in the field of aquaculture. As part of the BlueAquaEdu project, an e-learning platform is also being developed, offering innovative tools and training materials, as well as mentorship opportunities. The platform is intended for students, professors, and mentors, and through it, up to 500 individuals will have the chance to improve their knowledge of sustainable fish farming practices. In addition, the project promotes international cooperation through the organization of workshops, training sessions, and summer schools.

The core goal of the BlueAquaEdu project is to increase young people’s interest in the blue economy – all activities and sectors related to the sea and water resources, but in a way that respects the principles of sustainability and environmental protection.

Katarina Vuinac

EU aims to end Russian energy imports, new dependence on U.S. gas raises concern

Photo-illustration: Freepik (freepik)

The European Commission presented a new strategy on May 6, 2025, aimed at completely ending imports of Russian energy by the end of 2027.

The strategy outlines several key directions:

A full halt to imports of Russian gas, oil, coal, and uranium by 2027; a temporary replacement of Russian energy sources with LNG – including increased imports from the U.S., Qatar, and other allies, a move that has already sparked controversy due to its environmental and geopolitical implications; accelerated construction of wind and solar power plants; an increase in energy efficiency – through additional investments in the modernization of buildings, industry, and infrastructure, with the goal of reducing gas and electricity consumption; a crackdown on the so-called “shadow” imports of Russian energy via third countries; and also, a complete phase-out of Russian nuclear fuel imports – with support for the transition of nuclear reactors in member states that currently rely on Russian supplies.

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Although the document highlights that EU member states have made significant progress in reducing their dependence on Russian fossil fuels, data shows that imports of Russian gas increased by 18 percent in 2024, and that Russia still supplies about 13 percent of the EU’s total gas needs. A particular challenge lies in the aforementioned “shadow” tankers and informal energy flows via third countries, for which the EU still lacks a concrete solution.

The European Environmental Bureau (EEB) welcomes the EU’s determination to continue the phase-out of Russian energy – even if a peace agreement is reached – pointing out that the EU still spends hundreds of millions of euros every week on Russian fossil fuels. However, the EEB warns that replacing Russian coal and gas with American fracked gas is not a sustainable solution from either a security or economic perspective.

As noted, the Commission’s plan also includes ending imports of Russian uranium, as part of a broader package of measures to strengthen the Union’s energy security. Critics, however, argue that this is a unique opportunity for the EU to make a strategic leap toward its own renewable energy capacities and reduce reliance on distant and unreliable energy sources.

Energy portal

 
 

Art Blooms – The Most Beautiful Front of the Environmental Fight

Illustration: Jelena Pejković
Illustration: Valentina Talijan

Art has become a powerful ally in raising awareness about nature conservation in a world increasingly facing environmental challenges. Valentina Talijan, a visual artist from Smederevska Palanka, has found a way to merge creativity and activism, creating a unique concept that draws attention to endangered plant and animal species in Serbia. Her initiative, which began as an environmentally conscious brand, has evolved into a true non-profit artistic platform dedicated to nature conservation.

Valentina was deeply engaged with recycled materials during her studies, and her undergraduate and master’s projects carried a strong environmental message. Although she did not directly speak about environmental protection at the time, she consistently chose sustainable materials in her work. After graduating, she wanted to start an eco-business, but the path to achieving this was not easy.

In 2020, she launched the Instagram page – Umetnost cveta (Art Blooms), initially designed as a brand that promotes endangered plant species in Serbia through illustrations. However, the platform carried a broader symbolism. Besides highlighting the importance of preserving nature, it also emphasized the position of artists in society, often drawing parallels between their struggles and those of endangered plant species.

Through this page, Valentina brought together artists who illustrated rare and endangered plants, turning their works into prints, greeting cards, and other products. A portion of the proceeds went to charitable causes, primarily organizations dedicated to animal protection. After three years of work, Valentina decided to stop profiting from promoting endangered species. Still, she did not shut down the page – on the contrary, Umetnost cveta became a creative platform dedicated to raising awareness about environmental issues.

 IN FOCUS:

An Urgent Call for Nature Conservation

Serbia is home to rich flora and fauna, but many species are on the brink of extinction due to urbanization, pollution, and climate change. According to the Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, there are 1,783 strictly protected wild species in the country. In comparison, an additional 860 species of wild animals, fungi, lichens, and plants fall under the protected category.

Valentina launched a unique ecological challenge concept on social media to raise awareness about the importance of protecting plant and animal species. Every week, artists receive a task to illustrate a specific endangered species, bringing public attention to often-overlooked environmental problems. Visual art serves as a gateway to further exploration, and this approach helps people absorb messages about nature conservation more easily.

A special focus has been placed on endangered species in Western Serbia, but Valentina emphasizes that this does not diminish the importance of other species in the country. Almost every part of Serbia contains biodiversity hotspots that are under serious threat, further highlighting the urgency of protecting natural ecosystems.

In addition to contributing to nature conservation, Umetnost cveta provides opportunities for young artists to gain recognition. Illustrators, painters, and designers participating in these challenges get the chance to present their work to an audience of over 7,000 people, which can support their professional development.

Prepared by Milena Maglovski

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

How to defuse the EU’s carbon tax time bomb

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (liana-s)

Energy costs and taxes are political dynamite, easily exploited by populist parties. And yet, the EU is set to introduce an economy-wide carbon price (ETS2) on transport and heating fuels in 2027. 

Carbon pricing for petrol and gas is not a new idea. In fact, two-thirds of EU citizens already pay some sort of carbon price on transport fuels – in addition to fuel duty. 

T&E has always argued for regulations that make car companies or boiler manufacturers responsible for developing and marketing affordable green products. At the same time,  making pollution more expensive clearly improves the business case for efficiency and clean energy, especially at a time where oil prices are very low. That is why T&E supported the EU’s carbon market for heat and transport, which was agreed after a marathon ministerial session in December 2022. 

The decision to create a Europe-wide carbon price was right but creates significant political risk, both because of how the carbon market was designed and how it is being communicated. What can be done to defuse the situation? 

Let the rich pay the carbon price

While wealthier people can afford to pay more or shift to EVs and heat pumps, ordinary families do suffer pain at the pump and can’t easily avoid fossil driving or heating. This ‘lack of alternative’ is the top reason people dislike higher taxes on ‘essential goods’ like petrol and gas. 

So, fairness and political intelligence dictate that a carbon price should not impact everyone in the same way. Fortunately it is absolutely possible for the rich to pay most, or even all of, the carbon price. T&E data suggest the top 30 percent earners account for 50 percent of fuel sales, which means they’d also pay for half of the carbon levy. Governments should give back every euro or złoty they raise from low and middle-income people. 

Spend the money on things people like and need

Even after compensation – e.g. cashbacks, lower income taxes for all except the top 30-50 percent of earners – there will be plenty of money to invest in clean transport solutions. The amounts available increase when also tackling elite pollution (see below). Governments need to frontload investments before the carbon price kicks in, so people see there is a plan to provide them with alternatives.

Alongside investments in cycling and public transport, targeted social leasing of electric cars where families get access to €100-200/month electric cars is a great and widely supported solution. The same goes for lower taxes on Europe’s sky high electricity taxes and levies.

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Don’t let private jets and business travellers off the hook

A fair carbon price has to tackle elite pollution. How to explain that all must pay more for petrol except private jets and yachts? Even more impactful would be addressing carbon tax-free flights to New York and Bali (which are exempt from the EU ETS, for now), or business class tickets. In the long run these need to be included in the aviation ETS, until then they can easily be subjected to a CO2-related ticket tax.

Create a price control mechanism to keep carbon prices around €55/tonne

In emissions trading, the price floats based on supply (emission allowances) and demand (petrol and gas sales). A carbon price that could be anywhere between €10 and €250 euros a tonne is scary and unpredictable. Since prices cannot be capped at national level – they can only be compensated for – we need a Europe-wide price cap.

The current law contains a soft cap of €45/tonne, or 11cts/litre. (That’s in 2020 prices. Since the cap is adjusted for inflation, it is now €55, or 13cts/litre, and is projected to rise to €60 in nominal terms by 2030.) This is similar to, for example, France and Germany’s CO2 tax and can be gradually increased over time. Making the soft cap ‘harder’ can be done by strengthening the so-called ‘market stability reserve’ of emissions allowances that inject liquidity into the market if prices risk breaching the cap. 

Eliminate national carbon taxes when ETS2 kicks in 

Almost half of EU citizens live in a country with a national carbon tax. ETS2 will almost certainly replace the French, German and Swedish national CO2 taxes. So, the easiest response to the Rassemblement National’s campaign in France against the EU carbon levy is to announce that the EU system will simply replace the already existing French carbon tax. This, of course, is only possible once governments know maximum ETS2 prices.

Governments have full control over how they use the revenues. They can compensate and invest as they please. The Commission can adjust the market stability reserve – it has done so numerous times for the industry and power ETS. 

And of course the best way to lower the carbon price is to reduce emissions; so the Commission really should stop tinkering with the vehicle CO2 standards, and focus on rolling out corporate fleet regulations so company car and truck fleets go all electric by 2030.

The creation of ETS2 was a visionary decision. But vision without proper execution is hallucination. With the right measures, it is still possible to defuse this ticking time bomb.

Source: Transport&Environment

Local Governments Can Now Apply to Provide Citizens with Energy Efficiency Subsidies

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (mamun-srizon)

Local self-governments and city municipalities can apply from today until May 23 to the Public Call and join this year’s program for subsidizing energy efficiency measures in households.

Dubravka Đedović Handanović, Minister of Mining and Energy, emphasized that starting this year, socially vulnerable citizens will be able to apply for subsidies in all local governments participating in the project.

With the status of energy-vulnerable customer, citizens may receive subsidies covering up to 90 percent of the cost of household energy efficiency improvements. She also pointed out that the scope of socially vulnerable citizens has been expanded to include additional categories.

“In addition to energy-vulnerable customers, other socially disadvantaged citizens who receive financial social assistance, child allowance, or increased assistance for care and support, as well as recipients of minimum pensions and work-related disability benefits, will be eligible to apply for subsidies covering up to 90 percent of the project cost,” the Minister stated.

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She added that starting this year, local governments will be required to organize information days for citizens and local media at least ten days before announcing public calls, in order to inform them about the application process and the benefits of investing in energy efficiency. As in previous years, once the call is announced, citizens will have ten days to collect documentation and submit applications.

The Minister explained that the public call provides more favorable conditions for economically underdeveloped local governments, which will receive at least two million dinars from the Ministry to participate in the project. Municipalities and cities with high levels of air pollution will also receive increased financial support from the Ministry.

She noted that improving household energy efficiency can result in energy savings of 20 percent to 40 percent, depending on the measures applied, and that the state will continue to support these efforts.

The Minister also reminded that citizens can receive subsidies covering 50 percent to 65 percent of the investment costs for replacing windows and doors, insulation, facades, roofs, inefficient boilers, and for installing solar collectors and panels for generating electricity for personal use.

Energy portal
 

A Programme That Changes Lives

Photo: Program Pro lokalno

When the first initiatives within the PRO – Local Governance for People and Nature programme were launched two years ago, it was clear that its impact would be far-reaching. This ambitious programme, jointly implemented by United Nations agencies – UNOPS, UNFPA, UNICEF, and UNEP – in partnership with the Government of Serbia and with the support of the Swiss government, has become a key driver of change in 110 cities and municipalities across the country. Aiming to improve local governance, enhance social inclusion, and strengthen environmental protection, the programme delivers concrete results in the lives of citizens, especially those who have been on the margins of society for years.

Photo: PRO – Local Governance for People and Nature

One of the most important activities of the PRO programme is focused on the economic empowerment of informal waste collectors – people whose work contributes the most to the recycling industry in the country, yet who face precarious living and working conditions. Through a combined support strategy, PRO – Local Governance for People and Nature provides them not only with more stable sources of income but also better access to rights and services.

Better conditions for informal waste collectors

For many collectors, the closure of landfills as part of the Solid Waste Programme implemented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection posed a threat to their only source of income. However, a solution was found through the synergy of this programme and the PRO programme. Informal waste collectors are given the opportunity to integrate into formal employment streams, either through retraining and employment in other sectors or by establishing recycling cooperatives and social enterprises.

– In line with Environmental Protection and Social Policies, we have identified families directly affected by these changes and created a support plan for them. Our mission is not to leave them without a source of income but to provide them with a sustainable economic future – says Ana Nedeljković Belja, PRO Programme Manager.

Beyond economic support, the programme also addresses broader aspects of social inclusion. In ten local self-governments, Local Coordination Mechanisms have been established – working bodies that bring together social welfare centers, health centers, schools, municipal enterprises, and civil society organizations to ensure better access to education, healthcare, and social services for waste collectors. Additionally, each family involved in the programme is assigned a family assistant – a person who guides them through the process of formalization and social integration.

– We do not just want to provide short-term assistance but to establish systemic foundations for their long-term economic stability and social inclusion. Only in this way can we talk about sustainable change – adds Belja.

IN FOCUS:

Measurable impact for a sustainable future

The PRO programme delivers tangible and measurable results by systematically monitoring changes in the living conditions of beneficiaries. Each family in the priority group undergoes a detailed assessment, including an analysis of income, sources of livelihood, and key challenges. Based on these findings, Individual Family Support Plans are developed with clearly defined measures and goals.

The progress of beneficiaries is tracked through data comparison, measuring income growth, economic opportunities, and access to social protection, education, and healthcare. Additionally, access to public services is analyzed, focusing on integrating families into the social protection system, school enrolment of children, and access to healthcare for waste collectors. Finally, progress is monitored through labor market integration, recording the number of individuals who have undergone training and secured sustainable sources of income.

The programme’s success is not measured solely by the number of beneficiaries but by fundamental changes in their lives – more stable incomes, better access to social services, and increased social inclusion. PRO does not merely provide immediate assistance but lays sustainable foundations for a better future for vulnerable groups in Serbia.

Plans for programme expansion

Photo: PRO – Local Governance for People and Nature

The PRO programme was designed from the outset to address the needs of the most vulnerable social groups, with social inclusion as one of its key pillars. It already includes people with disabilities, the Roma community, and other at-risk categories defined by the Law on Social Protection. The example of support for informal waste collectors demonstrates how the programme flexibly responds to new challenges, recognizing the specific needs of marginalized groups. With this expansion, not only have the economic and social issues of waste collectors been addressed, but a support model has been established that could, in the future, be applied to other communities across Serbia.

The unique PRO programme serves as an example of a systemic approach to reducing poverty and social exclusion. Continuous monitoring and adaptation of measures ensure long-term support for beneficiaries, while the programme’s flexibility allows it to expand to new vulnerable groups. In this way, PRO transforms individual lives and contributes to building a more inclusive society.

Prepared by Milena Maglovski

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

From Soot to Ink – How Pollution Becomes a Tool for Art

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Ricardo Gomez Angel)

Air pollution often resembles dense fog covering cities, and artists frequently use it as inspiration for powerful, mystical photographs. While it may appear abstract and mesmerizing in images, the reality is far more serious—air pollution is responsible for the highest number of premature deaths worldwide.

Asia, the most populous continent on Earth, is home to one of the fastest-growing economies in the world—India. This rapid economic growth has positioned India among the countries with the most polluted air. Data shows that its capital, New Delhi, has the worst air quality among all global capitals. The primary sources of this pollution include vehicle emissions, cooking, power plants, heating, and industrial facilities.

Fine particles, known as PM 2.5, are among the most widespread pollutants, particularly in urban areas. These tiny particles measure only up to 2.5 micromillimeters, allowing them to quickly enter the lungs and bloodstream, leading to serious health problems, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. PM 2.5 particles encompass a wide range of substances, and one of their primary components is soot. Soot forms as a result of burning fossil fuels, biomass, and chemicals containing tiny particles of unburned carbon.

IN FOCUS:

Although India experiences high soot concentrations, this issue has inspired groundbreaking innovation. The MIT Media Lab, a research center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, developed KAALINK technology designed to capture soot from the air. This small device is installed in the exhaust pipes of vehicles or generators and can capture up to 95 percent of soot particles. Thanks to this innovation, the startup Graviky Labs has created an entirely new product—an eco-friendly ink called AIR-INK.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Olga Thelavart)

AIR-INK repurposes soot emissions generated in industrial and transportation processes instead of relying on fossil fuels, as with traditional inks. This process not only reduces dependence on fossil resources but also improves air quality by capturing particles that would otherwise remain in the atmosphere.

The KAALINK technology can collect enough emissions in just 45 minutes of operation to produce approximately 30 milliliters of ink. So far, the startup has developed two products: a marker with tip sizes ranging from 2 to 50 millimeters and printing ink. The 30-milliliter ink supply is sufficient to fill one marker or one small bottle of printing ink.

Once the soot is collected, it undergoes a purification process to remove harmful substances, such as heavy metals and carcinogenic materials, ensuring the final product is safe for use.

This article began with an artistic note, and it will end the same way. While soot in the air has long inspired artists to create surreal and mystical photographs, its fusion with environmental awareness introduces an entirely new dimension to the world of art. AIR-INK allows soot, once a harmful byproduct of industry and transportation, to become a valuable material for artistic creations. What was once a symbol of pollution is now transformed into a tool for sustainable innovation.

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Transformation From Waste to New Products

Photo: Courtesy of Miodrag Ristić

P aper is often presented as an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic, especially when it comes to packaging. However, even paper waste, if not properly managed, remains a source of pollution in its own way. Printing houses, as a sector that works with large amounts of paper daily, are most familiar with the challenges of managing this type of waste.

Photo: Courtesy of Miodrag Ristić

Miodrag Ristić has been in the printing business for many years and knows exactly how much paper waste remains at the end of a working day. Paper is often perceived as a more eco-friendly material due to its easier recyclability, but our interviewee does not share this view and believes that this process is not the most efficient choice. As he explains, the greatest pollution in the paper industry occurs during the recycling process, which is also highly energy-intensive, leading to greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition to the environmental impact, the financial aspect of paper waste should also be considered. The compensation for purchased waste paper has been decreasing over the years, and if this trend continues, printing houses will soon have to pay for its disposal.

“Sometimes, we deal with expensive types of paper or cardboard that go through all stages of production, only for a significant percentage of that valuable material to end up in the recycling bin. The usual question people ask themselves when they notice this anomaly is – if this has been happening for centuries, in almost every printing house worldwide, why hasn’t someone already solved it?” says Ristić.

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He cites this inertia as the first and most significant obstacle to any innovation. However, the family-owned printing house Deto recognized different possibilities and dared to introduce waste paper into an alternative process instead of sending it for recycling.

Officially founded in March 1992, the company carries on a tradition spanning more than a century, as many family members have been engaged in printing, bookbinding, publishing, journalism, and graphic design over the years.

“You could say printing ink runs in our veins, and that’s probably not just a metaphor, since for the past twenty years, the Ristić family has literally lived and worked under the same roof,” our interviewee jokingly adds.

Throughout its existence, the printing house has undergone several phases of development, but as Miodrag notes, they have always been unique. They started collaborating with marketing agencies very early, developing their own products, and incorporating digital tools into their processes. 

The inspiration for their idea stemmed from frustration over the environmental and financial challenges related to paper waste. Recognizing the issue of waste generated in the production process, they decided to experiment—how could they turn a narrow strip of waste cardboard into a box? The result surprised and delighted them, prompting them to share a photo of the box on Pinterest.

They modestly state that, thanks to fortunate circumstances, the image achieved great success and inspired them to consider further applications of this idea. Today, decorative and promotional boxes made from surplus technological paper are one of their most sought-after products.

The significance of this idea and the creation of new boxes is best illustrated by the fact that they produce between 10 and 20 tons of such waste annually. As Miodrag emphasizes, they have entered a race where the goal is to reclaim as much material as possible from this waste and turn it back into a useful product.

Prepared by Katarina Vuinac

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

A Potato That Defies Global Warming – How Science Is Shaping Climate-Resilient Food

Photo-illustration: Freepik (frimufilms - AI generator)

A farmer is the foundation of every society’s stability and security. While climate change affects nearly every sector, agriculture is among the most vulnerable—as it relies on nature more than any other activity. Changing weather patterns bring great uncertainty: days pass in anxious waiting for a single drop of rain, or the soil turns into a muddy river. Winters are getting warmer, causing plants to bloom too early, only to be destroyed weeks later by spring frost.

There is growing concern, especially for staple crops, such as potatoes—a symbol of everyday food around the world.

Throughout history, the world has adapted to change—plants, people, and entire ecosystems have evolved with nature. However, with increasingly extreme and unpredictable climate conditions, plants’ natural ability to adapt is no longer sufficient. That is why scientists across the globe are searching for solutions—not just through cultivation in controlled environments, but by enhancing the crops themselves.

A team from the University of Illinois succeeded in genetically modifying potatoes, making them more resistant to global warming. Remarkably, the tuber mass increased by 30 percent, even under heat wave conditions. Specifically, while the potato plants were still in the early vegetative growth stage, the heat wave kept temperatures above 35°C for four consecutive days, with peaks surpassing 38°C on two occasions.

Why are such scientific efforts important?

Plants that once thrived under typical conditions are now facing new challenges, and one of them is photorespiration—a process that reduces plant yields, especially at high temperatures. During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce food and oxygen for growth. But during photorespiration, the opposite occurs. At high temperatures, the enzyme Rubisco can “confuse” oxygen for carbon dioxide.

As scientists explain, this results in the production of a harmful byproduct—glycolate, which consumes the plant’s energy that would otherwise go toward growth, leading to reduced yield.

While this is not a new phenomenon, in the past photorespiration occurred in about 25 percent of cases, when conditions were more favorable. However, as temperatures rise, photorespiration now happens much more frequently. Plants must use more energy to repair this mistake instead of using that energy to grow and develop fruit.

To reduce the rate of photorespiration, scientists are adding extra genes that allow plants to process harmful glycolate more efficiently, thereby saving energy for growth—even under high-temperature conditions.

Katarina Vuinac

How to Achieve More Efficient Wastewater Management in Serbia

Photo-ilustration: Unsplash (Ivan Bandura)

Wastewater management in Serbia still lags behind European standards, and the number of treatment facilities remains far below the necessary level. In order to reach acceptable standards for protecting watercourses and align with European Union directives, it is essential to accelerate and improve this process significantly. However, the implementation of wastewater treatment plant projects faces numerous obstacles, including lack of transparency, complex bureaucratic procedures, and unclear criteria for fund allocation and technology selection.

These issues are thoroughly analyzed in a publication by the Regulatory Institute for Renewable Energy and the Environment (RERI) titled “Black Book: Murky Waters,” which summarizes months of research and tracking of investment flows in wastewater treatment plants.

Photo-ilustration: Unsplash (Martin Martz)

According to Jovan Rajić, founder and head of RERI’s legal team, the research team initiated administrative procedures in seven cities to gather information on the implementation of wastewater treatment plant projects. However, despite requests for access to public information, city administrations refused to disclose the data, citing the confidentiality clause of the contract between the Government of Serbia and the German Development Bank (KfW).

“The ‘Black Book’ provides concrete evidence and documentation showing what happens when you are unable to obtain key information from the relevant authorities, even though they are legally obligated to share it with the public,” explains Rajić.

The decision-making system regarding where treatment plants will be built is also unclear. On paper, priority is given to municipalities that have made the most progress in project preparation, but these criteria are often vague and open to subjective interpretation. Additionally, there is no clearly defined public procurement process that would enable the selection of the most efficient and cost-effective technology.

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Lack of Transparency and a Prearranged Economy

Our interviewee emphasizes that their months-long attempts to obtain relevant information have been unsuccessful, with responsibility being shifted from one institution to another. He also highlights the issue of the state allowing private companies to independently decide where they will collect and analyze data, which in practice leads to delays in project implementation.

“The main issue is the lack of transparency, from the selection of municipalities that will receive treatment plants to the conditions under which loans are obtained and from whom. It is also unacceptable for contracts to be classified as state secrets, given that these are investments of public importance,” says Rajić.

He adds that these capital investments are crucial for the long-term efficiency of the water treatment system, yet the domestic market has already been divided among certain companies.

“There is no healthy market competition, public procurement is being neglected, and there is no body that would analyze and select the most suitable technology for the coming decades. Everything happens behind closed doors, with no public insight into how funds allocated for this sector are being spent,” concludes Rajić.

The Need for Reform and a Coordinating Body

Serbia currently has around 40 wastewater treatment plants, but only one-third operate at full capacity. To meet European standards, the country needs to build as many as 359 facilities. However, the centralized management system and the lack of a unified coordinating body represent major obstacles in this process.

Photo-illustration: Unsplash (Alexander Schimmeck)

The current wastewater management model relies on public utility companies, which are accountable to local governments. However, municipalities lack sufficient funds of their own and depend on central institutions, further complicating the decision-making process.

Experts suggest a regional approach to wastewater management, while infrastructure should remain local and decentralized. Such an organizational model would facilitate better information sharing, expertise exchange, and project coordination, ultimately leading to more efficient implementation. Establishing a single coordinating body, as foreseen by the Water Law, could contribute to more effective and transparent sector management and accelerate the construction of necessary infrastructure.

Wastewater management in Serbia requires urgent reforms and greater transparency. The decision-making process and fund allocation must be public and clear, and contracts should not be classified as confidential when dealing with projects of vital importance to citizens and the environment. Additionally, better coordination between local governments and central authorities is crucial to ensuring the continuity and long-term sustainability of investments, experts from RERI emphasize.

Prepared by: Milena Maglovski

The story was published in the Energy portal Magazine CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Big Plans for Batteries in Europe – Will They Come True?

Foto-ilustracija: Unsplash (Frank Wang)

Due to the key role of batteries, especially in the automotive industry, many companies are striving to start production in Europe. The announced production capacities by 2030 exceed two terawatt-hours annually. However, a forecast by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) indicates that these capacities surpass the actual demand.

Previous years have shown that the realization of all announced projects is very unlikely, leading the Institute to develop a methodology for assessing the probability of battery production announcements and evaluating the risks associated with these projects.

The growing demand for batteries, primarily from the mobility sector (e.g., electric vehicles), has led to a significant increase in the required production volumes. Europe, mainly due to its developed automotive industry, is facing a major expansion of its battery production capacities. Currently, its share of global production capacity is only about 10 percent, while European battery demand accounts for as much as 25 percent of global demand. Therefore, the European market remains heavily dependent on imports of battery cells, especially from China.

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Withdrawal from Plans

Given the estimated European demand, which could reach between 800 and 1,300 GWh by 2030, the announced two terawatt-hours of production capacity would represent a significant surplus.

“One of the reasons is that the electromobility market is developing more slowly than expected. In addition, the growing overcapacity in Asia is leading to a further decline in battery cell prices. The initial difficulties of the first European production plants have further undermined optimism, resulting in many announced projects being already withdrawn,” ISI reports.

They emphasize that despite numerous challenges, Europe can remain competitive thanks to political initiatives such as the new Battery Regulation (which includes requirements for carbon footprint disclosure and battery recycling regulations).

Currently, postponed or completely failed battery cell production projects in Europe are estimated to total more than 700 GWh of capacity. In Germany alone, these projects amount to around 240 GWh. In Sweden, about 110 GWh of capacity has been canceled or questioned. In Romania, Norway, and the United Kingdom, projects totaling up to 30 GW have been canceled, mostly due to weak financial support or underdeveloped markets. Canceled projects have also been reported in Slovakia and Finland.

The study notes that European battery production will most likely significantly lag behind announcements. Results show that only between 54 percent and 75 percent of the announced capacities are likely to materialize, which would amount to between 1.2 and 1.7 TWh annually by 2030.

When expected construction delays, lower production yields due to manufacturing waste, and limited capacity utilization are taken into account, the realistic factory output by 2030 is estimated at only 0.8 to 1.1 TWh annually. Despite numerous challenges, the study indicates a reduction in Europe’s dependence on imported battery cells.

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